Cells and Tissue Types

Question 1

What are the six levels of organization in anatomy?

Answer 1

1. Chemical
2. Cellular
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. Organ system

6, Organism

Question 2

What are the subcategories of the chemical level of anatomy?

Answer 2

Atoms

Molecules

Macromolecules

Question 3

What are the subcategories of the cellular level of anatomy?

Answer 3

Macromolecules

Organelles

Question 4

Define Tissue:

Answer 4

Group of cells that work together for a common function

Question 5

Define Organ

Answer 5

A discrete structure made of more than one tissue functioning together

Question 6

Define Organ System:

Answer 6

Group of organs functioning together

Question 7

Define: Glycocalyx

What is it?

How does its structure relate to its function?

Where is it found?

Answer 7

Question 8

What are the functions of the plasma membrane? (four of them)

Answer 8

1. Separates intracellular components from extracellular ones
2. Regulates what can enter or exit the cell
3. Protection
4. Intracellular communication

Question 9

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

Answer 9

Question 10

What structural components make up the cytoplasm?

Answer 10

Microtubules

Intermediate filaments

Microfilaments

Question 11

From largest to smallest diameter, what are the sizes of the cytoplasmic structural elements?

Answer 11

(largest) Microtubules > Intermediate filaments > Microfilaments (smallest)

Question 12

What is the structure and function of a microtubule?

Answer 12

Hollow tube of tubulin proteins

Supports and gives shape to cell

Organelle attachment

Involved in intracellular and cellular movement

Form centrioles (mitosis)

Question 13

What is the structure and function of intermediate filaments

Answer 13

• Insoluble protein fibers wound like a rope
• Most stable and permanent
• Resist pulling forces
• Less dynamic than microtubules and microfilaments
• Link adjacent cells together by attaching to specific cell junctions called desmosomes

Question 14

What is the structure and function of microfilaments

Answer 14

Made of actin

involved in cell movement (i.e. muscle contraction and movement)

Question 15

Structure and function of myofibrils

Answer 15

Thin: actin

Thick: myosin

Parallel columns

Muscle contraction caused by interactions betwenn actin and myosin

Question 16

What is a smooth muscle cell composed of?

Answer 16

Intermediate filaments attached to dense bodies

Actin

Myosin

Question 17

Define: cytoplasmic inclusions

Answer 17

Temporary structures in the cytoplasm

Content depends on cell function

Can be food stores (lipid droplets, glycosomes), protein crystals, or pigments

The lipid droplets have the same appearance as lysosomes but can be distinguished because they lack a membrane

Glycosomes (sugar-containing bodies) store glycogen

Question 18

Where is the nucleolus?

What is its structure and function?

Answer 18

In the nucleus (can be one or several)

rRNA production

site of ribosome assembly unit

Subunits leave nucleus through nuclear pores

Question 19

How do cells connect to one another?

Answer 19

Cell junctions

Question 20

Where would be a good place to find tight junctions? Why?

Answer 20

Question 21

Define: Tight Junction

Answer 21

Belt-like junction on apical surface of cell

Main function is to prevent substances from moving between adjacent cells

Form a “seal”

An adhesive belt junction reinforces the tight junction

Question 22

What are three types of cell junctions:

Answer 22

1. Tight Junctions
2. Desmosomes
3. Gap Junctions

Question 23

Define: Desmosomes

Structure and Function?

Answer 23

• Bind adjacent cells together through “disk-like plaques” connected across intercellular space
• Linker proteins “zip” together
• Intermediate filaments extend through cytoplasm, distributing force from cell to cell (tissue acts as one sheet)

Question 24

Define: gap junction

Structure and function?

Answer 24

Allows ions and small molecules to move from cell to cell through small channels

Involved in intercellular communication

Question 25

Define ARVD

Answer 25

Arythmogenic Right Ventricular Dyspasia A mutation that affects desmosomes (connect cardiac muscles) Presents in right ventricle (first sign is sudden death in athletes) Thinning of myocardium

Question 26

Answer 26

* Cells that contain many lysosomes are those which are involved in disease-fighting (WBCs aka phagocytes, chondroclasts, osteoclasts, etc.) * Membrane bound lysosomes or any organelles allow for selective permeability.

Question 28

What are the three types of muscle?

Answer 28

Smooth Cardiac Skeletal