Cells and Tissues

Question 1

What are the three main parts to a cell?

Answer 1

1. Plasma Membrane
2. Nucleus
3. Cytoplasm

Question 2

What is the study of cell structure?

Answer 2

Cytology

Question 3

What is the study of cell function?

Answer 3

Cell Physiology

Question 4

What is the study of tissue?

Answer 4

Histology

Question 5

What is the Plasma Membrane’s function and properties?

Answer 5

1. Acts as a barrier for the cell contents
2. Composed of a Lipid Bilayer
3. Has Hydrophilic heads and Hydrophobic tails
4. It is a dynamic, fluid structure and changes shape etc

Question 6

What does the Lipid Bilayer consist of?

Answer 6

3 types of lipids:

a) Phospholipid
b) Glycolipid
c) Cholesterol

2 types of protein:

a) Integral Proteins (they traverse the membrane, are integral to the membrane’s structure)
b) Peripheral Proteins (sit beside the integral proteins, are not actually in the plasma membrane)

Question 7

What is Microvilli and its function?

Answer 7

1. finger-like projections of the plasma membrane of specialised cells
2. Increase the surface area of the plasma membrane to increase absorption and excretion rates

Question 8

What are the three types of Membrane Junctions?

Answer 8

1. Tight Juntions
2. Desmosomes
3. Gap Junctions

Question 9

What is the function and properties of Tight Junctions?

Answer 9

1. Also known as impermeable junctions
2. Hold cells together, and force molecules trying to pass between cells to pass through different junctions instead
3. Also provide some rigidity to cell structure

Question 10

What is the function and properties of Desmosomes?

Answer 10

1. Also known as Anchoring Junctions

2. Are the main structural anchor for the cell - are the main support holding cells together

Question 11

What is the function and properties of Gap Junctions?

Answer 11

1. Communication channels, molecules can pass freely between them

Question 12

What is the Nucleus?

Answer 12

The control centre of the cell which contains genetic material known as DNA

Question 13

Define these terms:

1. Uninucleate
2. Anucleate
3. Multinucleate

Answer 13

1. One nucleus in the cell
2. No nucleus in the cell
3. Multiple nuclei in the cell

Question 14

What does the Cytoplasm consist of?

Answer 14

1. Cytosol
2. Organelles
3. Inclusions

Question 15

What is a Solution?

Answer 15

A mixture of two or more components

Question 16

What is a dissolving medium called?

Answer 16

Solvent

Question 17

What are the components in smaller quantites which get dissolved in a solution called?

Answer 17

Solute

Question 18

Define Membrane Transport

Answer 18

movement of substances into and out of the cell across the lipid membrane (plasma membrane)

Question 19

What are the two basic methods of membrane transport?

Answer 19

1. Passive

2. Active

Question 20

What is passive transport, and what are the three types through the plasma membrane?

Answer 20

1. movement which happens without assistance
2. a. Simple diffusion
   b. Facilitated diffusion
   c. Filtration

Question 21

Why might some substances need to move by passive diffusion?

Answer 21

1. Too Large
2. Not able to dissolve in the lipid core of the membrane
3. Moving against a concentration gradient

Question 22

What are the two main forms of Active Transport?

Answer 22

1. Solute Pumping / Active Transport

2. Bulk Transport / Vesicular Transport

Question 23

How does Solute Pumping / Active Transport occur?

Answer 23

1. ATP energises protein carriers
2. In the majority of cases this is movement against a concentration gradient
3. Transports amino acids, ions, and some sugars

Question 24

How does Bulk Transport / Vesicular Transport occur?

Answer 24

1. Plasma membrane forms a pit which substances gather into, this then forms into a vesicle which breaks away from the plasma membrane and fuses with lysosome to be ingested.

Question 25

What is endocytosis?

Answer 25

The taking in of substances through Bulk Transport

Question 26

What is exocytosis

Answer 26

The removal of substances through Bulk Transport

Question 27

What are the two types of endocytosis?

Answer 27

1. Phagocytosis - cell eating

Question 28

What is cell division called? (excluding sex cells)

Answer 28

Mitosis

Question 29

What is sex cell division called?

Answer 29

Meosis

Question 30

What are the four types of tissue called?

Answer 30

1. Nervous 2. Muscle 3. Epithelial 4. Connective

Question 31

Where is epithelial tissue found?

Answer 31

1. External surfaces / body coverings 2. Internal surfaces / body linings 3. Glandular

Question 32

What are some functions of Epithelial Tissue?

Answer 32

``` Protection Absorption Excretion Secretion Sensory Reception ```

Question 33

What are characteristics of Epithelium?

Answer 33

1. Cells fit closely together 2. Apical Surface (top) 3. Basal Surface (bottom) 4. Avascular, but Innervated (have a nerve supply) 5. Regenerate easily if well nourised (in interstitial fluid)

Question 34

How are epithelial cells classified based on shape?

Answer 34

1. Squamous (squashed) 2. Cuboidal (square) 3. Columnar (elongated)

Question 35

How are epithelial cells classified based on layers?

Answer 35

1. Simple (one layer) 2. Stratified (multiple layers) 3. Pseudostratified (one layer that looks like multiple)

Question 36

What is a Gland?

Answer 36

One or more cells that secrete

Question 37

What are the two major Glands?

Answer 37

1. Endocrine | 2. Exocrine

Question 38

Where is connective tissue found, and what is its functions?

Answer 38

Found everywhere in the body 1. Binding / Supporting 2. Protection 3. Insulation 4. Transportation - blood

Question 39

What are the three types of connective tissue?

Answer 39

1. Mature 2. Cartilage - (HYALINE, ELASTIC, FIBROCARTILAGE) 3. Bone

Question 40

What is the function of Muscle tissue?

Answer 40

To produce movement

Question 41

What are the tree types of Muscle Tissue?

Answer 41

1. Cardiac 2. Smooth 3. Skeletal