CELLS AND TISSUES Flashcards
Reviewer of Chapter 3 (138 cards)
1
Q
A diluted saltwater solution which bathes all the body cells; derived from blood
A
interstitial fluid
2
Q
“headquarters” or control center of the cell; contains the deoxyribonucleic acid
A
nucleus
3
Q
a double membrane barrier that encloses the nucleus
A
nuclear envelope
4
Q
a jellylike fluid in which other nuclear elements are suspended
A
nucleoplasm
5
Q
small, dark-staining, essentially round bodies inside the nucleus; are sites where ribosomes are assembled
A
nucleoli
6
Q
combination of DNA and proteins which then forms a loose network of bumpy threads
A
chromatin
7
Q
dense, rodlike bodies which form when chromatin threads coil and condense
A
chromosomes
8
Q
a fragile, transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment
A
plasma membrane
9
Q
the nature of polar “heads” of the lolllipop-shaped phospholipid molecules that are attracted to water; they lie on both the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane
A
hydrophilic
10
Q
the nature of the non-polar “tails” of the lollipop-shaped phospholipid molecules that avoid water, and line up at the center of the membrane
A
hydrophobic
11
Q
sugar-proteins
A
glycoproteins
12
Q
fuzzy, sticky, sugar-rich area where glycoproteins stick
A
glycocalyx
13
Q
impermeable junctions that bind cells together into leakproof sheets that prevent substances from passing through the extracellular space between cells
A
tight junctions
14
Q
anchoring junctions scattered like rivets along the sides of abutting cells. They prevent cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart
A
desmosomes
15
Q
commonly seen in the heart and between embryonic cells, function mainly to allow communication
A
gap junctions
16
Q
hollow cylinders composed of proteins that connects the neighboring cells in gap junctions
A
connexons
17
Q
cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane. It is the site of most cellular activities, so it is considered as the “factory area” of the cell
A
cytoplasm
18
Q
semitransparent fluid that suspends the other elements inside the cytoplasm
A
cytosol
19
Q
metabolic machinery of the cell
A
organelles
20
Q
chemical substances that may or may not be present, depending on the specific cell type
A
inclusions
21
Q
literally “little organs”; are specialized cellular compartments each performing its own job to maintain the life of the cell
A
cytoplasmic organelles
22
Q
usually depicted as tiny, lozenge-like or sausage-shaped organelles, but in living cells they squirm, lengthen, and change shape almost continuously; “powerhouse” of the cell because this supply ATP
A
mitochondria
23
Q
shelf-like protrusions inside the mitochondria
A
cristae
24
Q
tiny, bilobed, dark bodies made of proteins and one variety of RNA; sites of protein synthesis in the cell
A
ribosomes
25
system of fluid-filled cisterns that coil and twist and twist through the cytoplasm; serves as a minicirculatory system for the cell because it provides a network of channels for carrying substances from one part of the cell to another
endoplasmic reticulum
26
it is studded with ribosomes; essentially all of the building materials of cellular membranes are formed either in it or on it, you can think of it as the cell's membrane factory
rough er
27
dispatches the proteins made in the er to other areas of the cell
transport vesicles
28
communicates with the rough variety; it functions in lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs and pesticides
smooth er
29
appears as a stack of flattened membranous sacs, associated with swarms of tiny vesicles; principal "traffic director" for cellular proteins; modify and package proteins
golgi apparatus
30
the swollen ends of sacs from the golgi apparatus that are filled with protein which then pinches off and travel to the plasma membrane
secretory vesicles
31
membranous "bags" containing powerful digestive enzymes; function as the cell's demolition sites
lysosomes
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membranous sacs containing powerful oxidase enzymes that use molecular oxygen to detoxify a number of harmful or poisonous substances, including alcohol and formaldehyde ; most important function is to "disarm" dangerous free radicals
peroxisomes
33
highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons that can scramble the structure of proteins and nucleic acids; are normal by-products of cellular metabolism, but if allowed to accumulate, they can have devastating effects on cells
free radicals
34
acts a cell's "bones and muscles" by furnishing an internal framework that determines cell shape, supports other organelles, and provides the machinery for intracellular transport and various types of cellular movements
cytoskeleton
35
strong, stable, ropelike structures that help form desmosomes and provide internal guy wires to resist pulling forces on the cell
intermediate filaments
36
most involved in cell motility and in producing changes in cell shape
microfilaments
37
tubelike structures that determine the overall shape of a cell and the distribution of organelles
microtubules
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rod-shaped bodies that lie at right angles to each other; best known for their role in generating microtubules and during cell division they direct the formation of the mitotic spindle
centrioles
39
whiplike cellular extensions that move substances along the cell surface
cilia
40
substantially longer cilia; only found in sperms
flagella
41
tiny, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane that project from an exposed cell surface
microvilli
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the elongated shape of this cell lies along the cable-like fibers that it secretes
fibroblast
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this cell carries oxygen in the bloodstream
erythrocyte
44
hexagonal shape of this cell is exactly like a "cell" in a honeycomb of a beehive.
epithelial cell
45
these cells are elongated and filled with abundant contractile filaments, so they can shorten forcefully and move the bones or change in size of internal organs
skeletal muscle and smooth muscle cells
46
the huge spherical shape of a fat cell is produced by a large lipid droplet in its cytoplasm
fat cell
47
this cell extends long pseudopods to crawl through tissue to reach infection sites
macrophage
48
this cell has long processes for receiving messages and transmitting them to other structures in the body.
nerve cell
49
the largest cell in the body, this egg cell contains several copies of all organelles
oocyte
50
this cell is long and stream-lined, built for swimming to the egg for fertilization
sperm
51
homogeneous mixture of two or more components
solution
52
the substance present in the largest amount in a solution
solvent
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components or substances present in smaller amounts
solutes
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a solution containing small amounts of gases
intracellular fluid
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a barrier that allows some substances to pass through it while excluding others
selective permeability
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the process by which molecules move away from a regions where they are more concentrated to a region where they are less concentrated
diffusion
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unassisted diffusion of solutes through the plasma membrane
simple diffusion
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diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane such as the plasma membrane
osmosis
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provides passage for certain needed substances that are both lipid-insoluble and too large to pass through the membrane pores
facilitated diffusion
60
the process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, hydrostatic or pressure
filtration
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sometimes called solute pumping; is similar to the carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion describe earlier in that both processes require protein carriers that combine specifically and reversibly with the substances to be transported across the membrane
active transport
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involves help from ATP, moves substances into or out of cells without their actually crossing the plasma membrane
vesicular transport
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moves substances out of cells
exocytosis
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includes those ATP-requiring processes that take up, or engulf extracellular substances by enclosing them in a small membranous vesicle
endocytosis
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flowing cytoplasmic extensions
pseudopods
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cell eating
phagocytosis
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cell drinking
pinocytosis
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process where the cell grows and carries on its metabolic activities
interphase
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process in which cell produces itself
cell division
70
division of the nucleus
mitosis
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division of cytoplasm
cytokinesis
72
the ability of a solution to change the size and shape of cells by altering the amount of water they contain
tonicity
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have the same solute and water concentrations as cells do
isotonic solution
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a solution that contains more solutes or dissolved substances, than there are inside the cells;' the cells will begin to shrink
hypertonic solution
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when a solution contains fewer solutes then the cell does
hypotonic solution
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defined as a DNA segment that carries the information for building one protein or polypeptide chain
gene
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biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the cells, are functional proteins
enzymes
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second type of nucleic acid that carry out messenger and decoder functions
ribonucleic acid
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small clover leaf-shaped molecules
transfer rna
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helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built
ribosomal rna
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are long, single nucleotide strands that resemble half of a DNA molecule and carry the "message" containing instructions for protein synthesis from the DNA gene in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
messenger rna
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involves the transfer of information from DNA's base sequence into the complementary base sequence of mrna
transcription
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the language of nucleic acids is "translated" into the language of proteins
translation
84
the lining, covering and glandular tissue of the body
epithelial tissue or epithelium
85
is exposed to the body's exterior or to the cavity of an internal organ
apical surface
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structureless material that the lower surface of epithelium rests on and is secreted by both epithelial cells and the connective tissue cells that abut the epithelium
basement membrane
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no blood supply
avascular
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most concerned with absorption, secretion, and filtration
simple epithelia
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a single layer of thin squamous cells resting on a basement membrane.
simple squamous epithelium
90
the slick membranes that line the ventral body cavity and cover the organs in that cavity
serous membranes or serosae
91
one layer of cuboidal cells resting on a basement membrane, is common in glands and their ducts
simple cuboidal epithelium
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made up of a single layer of tall cells that fit closely together.
simple columnar epithelium
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produce lubricating mucus; are often seen in this type of epithelium
goblet cells
94
epithelial membranes that line body cavities open to the body exterior
mucous membranes or mucosae
95
these epithelia function primarily to protect
stratified epithelia
96
the most common stratified epithelium in the body
stratified squamous epithelium
97
typically has just two cell layers with the surface cells being cuboidal in shape
stratified cuboidal epithelium
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columnar cells whose basal cells vary in size and shape (both this and cuboidal are rare in the body)
stratified columnar epithelium
99
highly modified, stratified squamous epithelium that forms the lining of only a few organs- the urinary bladder, urethra, ureters
transitional epithelium
100
consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product
gland
101
product of glands that typically contains protein molecules in an aqueous fluid
secretion
102
lose their connection to the surface duct; thus they are often called ductless glands; their secretions diffuse directly into the blood vessels that weave through the glands
endocrine glands
103
retain their ducts and their secretions empty through the ducts to the epithelial surface
exocrine glands
104
connects body parts; found everywhere in the body; most abundant and widely distributed of the tissue types
connective tissue
105
varying amounts of a nonliving substance found outside the cells; produced by the connective tissue cells and then secreted to their exterior: structureless ground substance and fibers
extracellular matrix
106
sometimes called osseous tissue ; is composed of osteocytes sitting in cavities called lacunae ; has an exceptional ability to protect and support other body organs
bone
107
is less hard and more flexible than bone. ; major cell type is chrondrocytes; only found in few places in the body
cartilage
108
most widespread cartilage that has abundant collagen fibers hidden by a rubbery matrix with a glassy blue-white appearance
hyaline cartilage
109
highly compressible cartilage that forms the cushionlike disks between the vertebrae of the spinal column
fibrocartilage
110
is found in structures with elasticity
elastic cartilage
111
also called dense fibrous tissue; has collagen fibers as its main matrix element
dense connective tissue
112
attach skeletal muscles to bones
tendons
113
connect bones to bones at joints
ligaments
114
are softer and have more cells and fewer fibers than any other connective tissue type except blood
loose connective tissue
115
the most widely distributed connective tissue variety in the body; is a soft, pliable, "cobwebby" tissue that cushions and protects the body organs it wraps.
areolar tissue
116
soft layer of areolar tissue that underlies all mucous membranes
lamina propria
117
when inflamed the areolar tissue in that area soaks up the excess fluid like a sponge, and the area swells and becomes puffy
edema
118
commonly called fat
adipose tissue
119
consists of a delicate network of interwoven reticular fibers associated with reticular cells, which resemble fibroblasts
reticular connective tissue
120
can support many free blood cells in lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow
stroma
121
also known as vascular tissue; considered a connective tissue because it consists of blood cells surrounded by a non-living fluid matrix called blood plasma
blood
122
highly specialized to contract, or shorten, to produce movement.
muscle tissue
123
packaged by connective tissue sheets into organs called skeletal muscles with are attached to the skeleton
skeletal muscle tissue
124
muscle tissue that is only found in the heart
cardiac muscle
125
junctions where uninucleate, relatively short, branching cardiac cells fit tightly together
intercalated discs
126
muscle that has no striations visible; also called visceral muscle
smooth muscle
127
a wavelike motion that keeps food moving through the small intestine
peristalsis
128
made out of neurons
nervous tissue
129
receive and conduct electrochemical impulses from one part of the body to another
neurons
130
special group of supporting cells that insulate, support, and protect the delicate neurons in the structures of the nervous system
neuroglia
131
generalized body response that attempts to prevent further injury
inflammation
132
is the replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells
regeneration
133
involves repair by dense connective tissue that is by the formation of scar tissue
fibrosis
134
abnormal cell mass that develops when the controls of the cell cycle and cell division malfunction
neoplasm or tumors
135
harmless neoplasm
benign
136
harmful (cancerous) neoplasm
malignant
137
certain body tissues may enlarge because of some local irritant or condition that stimulates the cell
hyperplasia
138
can occur in an organ or body area that loses its normal stimulation
atrophy or decrease in size
