Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > CELLS AND TISSUES > Flashcards

CELLS AND TISSUES Flashcards

Reviewer of Chapter 3

1
Q

A diluted saltwater solution which bathes all the body cells; derived from blood

A

interstitial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

“headquarters” or control center of the cell; contains the deoxyribonucleic acid

A

nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

a double membrane barrier that encloses the nucleus

A

nuclear envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

a jellylike fluid in which other nuclear elements are suspended

A

nucleoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

small, dark-staining, essentially round bodies inside the nucleus; are sites where ribosomes are assembled

A

nucleoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

combination of DNA and proteins which then forms a loose network of bumpy threads

A

chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

dense, rodlike bodies which form when chromatin threads coil and condense

A

chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

a fragile, transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment

A

plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the nature of polar “heads” of the lolllipop-shaped phospholipid molecules that are attracted to water; they lie on both the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane

A

hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the nature of the non-polar “tails” of the lollipop-shaped phospholipid molecules that avoid water, and line up at the center of the membrane

A

hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

sugar-proteins

A

glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

fuzzy, sticky, sugar-rich area where glycoproteins stick

A

glycocalyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

impermeable junctions that bind cells together into leakproof sheets that prevent substances from passing through the extracellular space between cells

A

tight junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

anchoring junctions scattered like rivets along the sides of abutting cells. They prevent cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart

A

desmosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

commonly seen in the heart and between embryonic cells, function mainly to allow communication

A

gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

hollow cylinders composed of proteins that connects the neighboring cells in gap junctions

A

connexons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane. It is the site of most cellular activities, so it is considered as the “factory area” of the cell

A

cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

semitransparent fluid that suspends the other elements inside the cytoplasm

A

cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

metabolic machinery of the cell

A

organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

chemical substances that may or may not be present, depending on the specific cell type

A

inclusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

literally “little organs”; are specialized cellular compartments each performing its own job to maintain the life of the cell

A

cytoplasmic organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

usually depicted as tiny, lozenge-like or sausage-shaped organelles, but in living cells they squirm, lengthen, and change shape almost continuously; “powerhouse” of the cell because this supply ATP

A

mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

shelf-like protrusions inside the mitochondria

A

cristae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

tiny, bilobed, dark bodies made of proteins and one variety of RNA; sites of protein synthesis in the cell

A

ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

system of fluid-filled cisterns that coil and twist and twist through the cytoplasm; serves as a minicirculatory system for the cell because it provides a network of channels for carrying substances from one part of the cell to another

A

endoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

it is studded with ribosomes; essentially all of the building materials of cellular membranes are formed either in it or on it, you can think of it as the cell’s membrane factory

A

rough er

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

dispatches the proteins made in the er to other areas of the cell

A

transport vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

communicates with the rough variety; it functions in lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs and pesticides

A

smooth er

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

appears as a stack of flattened membranous sacs, associated with swarms of tiny vesicles; principal “traffic director” for cellular proteins; modify and package proteins

A

golgi apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

the swollen ends of sacs from the golgi apparatus that are filled with protein which then pinches off and travel to the plasma membrane

A

secretory vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

membranous “bags” containing powerful digestive enzymes; function as the cell’s demolition sites

A

lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

membranous sacs containing powerful oxidase enzymes that use molecular oxygen to detoxify a number of harmful or poisonous substances, including alcohol and formaldehyde ; most important function is to “disarm” dangerous free radicals

A

peroxisomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons that can scramble the structure of proteins and nucleic acids; are normal by-products of cellular metabolism, but if allowed to accumulate, they can have devastating effects on cells

A

free radicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

acts a cell’s “bones and muscles” by furnishing an internal framework that determines cell shape, supports other organelles, and provides the machinery for intracellular transport and various types of cellular movements

A

cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

strong, stable, ropelike structures that help form desmosomes and provide internal guy wires to resist pulling forces on the cell

A

intermediate filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

most involved in cell motility and in producing changes in cell shape

A

microfilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

tubelike structures that determine the overall shape of a cell and the distribution of organelles

A

microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

rod-shaped bodies that lie at right angles to each other; best known for their role in generating microtubules and during cell division they direct the formation of the mitotic spindle

A

centrioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

whiplike cellular extensions that move substances along the cell surface

A

cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

substantially longer cilia; only found in sperms

A

flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

tiny, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane that project from an exposed cell surface

A

microvilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

the elongated shape of this cell lies along the cable-like fibers that it secretes

A

fibroblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

this cell carries oxygen in the bloodstream

A

erythrocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

hexagonal shape of this cell is exactly like a “cell” in a honeycomb of a beehive.

A

epithelial cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

these cells are elongated and filled with abundant contractile filaments, so they can shorten forcefully and move the bones or change in size of internal organs

A

skeletal muscle and smooth muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

the huge spherical shape of a fat cell is produced by a large lipid droplet in its cytoplasm

A

fat cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

this cell extends long pseudopods to crawl through tissue to reach infection sites

A

macrophage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

this cell has long processes for receiving messages and transmitting them to other structures in the body.

A

nerve cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

the largest cell in the body, this egg cell contains several copies of all organelles

A

oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

this cell is long and stream-lined, built for swimming to the egg for fertilization

A

sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

homogeneous mixture of two or more components

A

solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

the substance present in the largest amount in a solution

A

solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

components or substances present in smaller amounts

A

solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

a solution containing small amounts of gases

A

intracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

a barrier that allows some substances to pass through it while excluding others

A

selective permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

the process by which molecules move away from a regions where they are more concentrated to a region where they are less concentrated

A

diffusion

57
Q

unassisted diffusion of solutes through the plasma membrane

A

simple diffusion

58
Q

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane such as the plasma membrane

A

osmosis

59
Q

provides passage for certain needed substances that are both lipid-insoluble and too large to pass through the membrane pores

A

facilitated diffusion

60
Q

the process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, hydrostatic or pressure

A

filtration

61
Q

sometimes called solute pumping; is similar to the carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion describe earlier in that both processes require protein carriers that combine specifically and reversibly with the substances to be transported across the membrane

A

active transport

62
Q

involves help from ATP, moves substances into or out of cells without their actually crossing the plasma membrane

A

vesicular transport

63
Q

moves substances out of cells

A

exocytosis

64
Q

includes those ATP-requiring processes that take up, or engulf extracellular substances by enclosing them in a small membranous vesicle

A

endocytosis

65
Q

flowing cytoplasmic extensions

A

pseudopods

66
Q

cell eating

A

phagocytosis

67
Q

cell drinking

A

pinocytosis

68
Q

process where the cell grows and carries on its metabolic activities

A

interphase

69
Q

process in which cell produces itself

A

cell division

70
Q

division of the nucleus

A

mitosis

71
Q

division of cytoplasm

A

cytokinesis

72
Q

the ability of a solution to change the size and shape of cells by altering the amount of water they contain

A

tonicity

73
Q

have the same solute and water concentrations as cells do

A

isotonic solution

74
Q

a solution that contains more solutes or dissolved substances, than there are inside the cells;’ the cells will begin to shrink

A

hypertonic solution

75
Q

when a solution contains fewer solutes then the cell does

A

hypotonic solution

76
Q

defined as a DNA segment that carries the information for building one protein or polypeptide chain

A

gene

77
Q

biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the cells, are functional proteins

A

enzymes

78
Q

second type of nucleic acid that carry out messenger and decoder functions

A

ribonucleic acid

79
Q

small clover leaf-shaped molecules

A

transfer rna

80
Q

helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built

A

ribosomal rna

81
Q

are long, single nucleotide strands that resemble half of a DNA molecule and carry the “message” containing instructions for protein synthesis from the DNA gene in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

A

messenger rna

82
Q

involves the transfer of information from DNA’s base sequence into the complementary base sequence of mrna

A

transcription

83
Q

the language of nucleic acids is “translated” into the language of proteins

A

translation

84
Q

the lining, covering and glandular tissue of the body

A

epithelial tissue or epithelium

85
Q

is exposed to the body’s exterior or to the cavity of an internal organ

A

apical surface

86
Q

structureless material that the lower surface of epithelium rests on and is secreted by both epithelial cells and the connective tissue cells that abut the epithelium

A

basement membrane

87
Q

no blood supply

A

avascular

88
Q

most concerned with absorption, secretion, and filtration

A

simple epithelia

89
Q

a single layer of thin squamous cells resting on a basement membrane.

A

simple squamous epithelium

90
Q

the slick membranes that line the ventral body cavity and cover the organs in that cavity

A

serous membranes or serosae

91
Q

one layer of cuboidal cells resting on a basement membrane, is common in glands and their ducts

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

92
Q

made up of a single layer of tall cells that fit closely together.

A

simple columnar epithelium

93
Q

produce lubricating mucus; are often seen in this type of epithelium

A

goblet cells

94
Q

epithelial membranes that line body cavities open to the body exterior

A

mucous membranes or mucosae

95
Q

these epithelia function primarily to protect

A

stratified epithelia

96
Q

the most common stratified epithelium in the body

A

stratified squamous epithelium

97
Q

typically has just two cell layers with the surface cells being cuboidal in shape

A

stratified cuboidal epithelium

98
Q

columnar cells whose basal cells vary in size and shape (both this and cuboidal are rare in the body)

A

stratified columnar epithelium

99
Q

highly modified, stratified squamous epithelium that forms the lining of only a few organs- the urinary bladder, urethra, ureters

A

transitional epithelium

100
Q

consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product

A

gland

101
Q

product of glands that typically contains protein molecules in an aqueous fluid

A

secretion

102
Q

lose their connection to the surface duct; thus they are often called ductless glands; their secretions diffuse directly into the blood vessels that weave through the glands

A

endocrine glands

103
Q

retain their ducts and their secretions empty through the ducts to the epithelial surface

A

exocrine glands

104
Q

connects body parts; found everywhere in the body; most abundant and widely distributed of the tissue types

A

connective tissue

105
Q

varying amounts of a nonliving substance found outside the cells; produced by the connective tissue cells and then secreted to their exterior: structureless ground substance and fibers

A

extracellular matrix

106
Q

sometimes called osseous tissue ; is composed of osteocytes sitting in cavities called lacunae ; has an exceptional ability to protect and support other body organs

A

bone

107
Q

is less hard and more flexible than bone. ; major cell type is chrondrocytes; only found in few places in the body

A

cartilage

108
Q

most widespread cartilage that has abundant collagen fibers hidden by a rubbery matrix with a glassy blue-white appearance

A

hyaline cartilage

109
Q

highly compressible cartilage that forms the cushionlike disks between the vertebrae of the spinal column

A

fibrocartilage

110
Q

is found in structures with elasticity

A

elastic cartilage

111
Q

also called dense fibrous tissue; has collagen fibers as its main matrix element

A

dense connective tissue

112
Q

attach skeletal muscles to bones

A

tendons

113
Q

connect bones to bones at joints

A

ligaments

114
Q

are softer and have more cells and fewer fibers than any other connective tissue type except blood

A

loose connective tissue

115
Q

the most widely distributed connective tissue variety in the body; is a soft, pliable, “cobwebby” tissue that cushions and protects the body organs it wraps.

A

areolar tissue

116
Q

soft layer of areolar tissue that underlies all mucous membranes

A

lamina propria

117
Q

when inflamed the areolar tissue in that area soaks up the excess fluid like a sponge, and the area swells and becomes puffy

A

edema

118
Q

commonly called fat

A

adipose tissue

119
Q

consists of a delicate network of interwoven reticular fibers associated with reticular cells, which resemble fibroblasts

A

reticular connective tissue

120
Q

can support many free blood cells in lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow

A

stroma

121
Q

also known as vascular tissue; considered a connective tissue because it consists of blood cells surrounded by a non-living fluid matrix called blood plasma

A

blood

122
Q

highly specialized to contract, or shorten, to produce movement.

A

muscle tissue

123
Q

packaged by connective tissue sheets into organs called skeletal muscles with are attached to the skeleton

A

skeletal muscle tissue

124
Q

muscle tissue that is only found in the heart

A

cardiac muscle

125
Q

junctions where uninucleate, relatively short, branching cardiac cells fit tightly together

A

intercalated discs

126
Q

muscle that has no striations visible; also called visceral muscle

A

smooth muscle

127
Q

a wavelike motion that keeps food moving through the small intestine

A

peristalsis

128
Q

made out of neurons

A

nervous tissue

129
Q

receive and conduct electrochemical impulses from one part of the body to another

A

neurons

130
Q

special group of supporting cells that insulate, support, and protect the delicate neurons in the structures of the nervous system

A

neuroglia

131
Q

generalized body response that attempts to prevent further injury

A

inflammation

132
Q

is the replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells

A

regeneration

133
Q

involves repair by dense connective tissue that is by the formation of scar tissue

A

fibrosis

134
Q

abnormal cell mass that develops when the controls of the cell cycle and cell division malfunction

A

neoplasm or tumors

135
Q

harmless neoplasm

A

benign

136
Q

harmful (cancerous) neoplasm

A

malignant

137
Q

certain body tissues may enlarge because of some local irritant or condition that stimulates the cell

A

hyperplasia

138
Q

can occur in an organ or body area that loses its normal stimulation

A

atrophy or decrease in size

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions