Cells and tissues: connective

Question 1

Key functions of Connective tissue

Answer 1

bind, support, strengthen other tissues; transport; energy storage. can be highly vascular except for cartilage and tendons. supplied by nerves

Question 2

composition of Connective

Answer 2

extracellular matrix and cells

Question 3

extracellular matrix

Answer 3

made of ground substance and 3 protein fibres in different proportions that determines the structure/function of ECM

Question 4

Ground substance

Answer 4

proteins (like gelatin), water, polysaccharides (sugars: glycosaminoglycans/mucopolysaccharides)

Question 5

proteoglycans

Answer 5

gags and core proteins

Question 6

Glycosaminoglycans

Answer 6

Sulphated which bind to core protiens to form proteoclycans:
-dermantan sulphate
-herparin sulphate
-keratan sulphate
-chondroitin sulphate
Non sulphated:
hyaluronic acid:

Question 7

hyaluronic acid

Answer 7

non sulphated gag: does not bind directly to protein backbone but is joined to various proteoglycans. highly polar, traps water making GS more jelly like for cushioning.

Question 8

GAG applications

Answer 8

Hyaluronic acid: lubricates joints and maintains eye shape
hyaluronidase: made by WBCs, sperm, and some bacteria, makes GS more liquid.

Question 9

Chondroitin sulphate

Answer 9

support and provide adhesive features for cartilage, bone, skin, blood vessels

Question 10

keratan sulphate

Answer 10

found in bone cartilage, cornea of the eye

Question 11

dermatan sulphate

Answer 11

found in skin, tendons, blood vessels, heart valves

Question 12

Exopthalmos

Answer 12

swollen thyroid gland from autoimmune over-activation leads to deposition of GAGs and influc of water to swell they eye

Question 13

Protein fibres in ECM

Answer 13

secreted by cells in connective tissue:
collagen
reticular fibres
elastic fibres

Question 14

Collagen

Answer 14

parallel bundles of thick, strong fibres, but flexible to resist pulling forces. found in bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments

Question 15

Reticular fibres

Answer 15

made of collagen with glycoprotein around them. Strength and support. fine bundles found in reticular lamina (BM) and ECM, adipose tissue, nerve fibres, smooth muscle

Question 16

Elastic fibres

Answer 16

thinner than collagen. fibrous network made of elastin coated in fibrilin for strength and stability. found in skin, blood vessels, and lung

Question 17

Marfan Syndrome

Answer 17

Too much fibrilin in elastic fibres. changes binding of growth factors resulting in tall thin individuals. chromosome 15

Question 18

Cell types in connective tissues

Answer 18

fibroblasts
adipocyte
macrophage/histiocyts
plasma cell
mast cells
leucocytes

Question 19

fibroblasts

Answer 19

migratory and widely distributed in CT. secretes componants of matrix (fibres and ground substance) and for BM

Question 20

adipocytes

Answer 20

under skin and aroudn organs, store tryglycerides (fat)

Question 21

Macrophage (CT)

Answer 21

phagocytic fixed and wandering
lung - dust cells
liver - kupffer cells
skin - langerhans
some wander in CT to sites of infection or inflamation

Question 22

Plasma cells (CT)

Answer 22

from b-lymphocyte. produce antibodies in CT of gut, lung, salivary, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow

Question 23

mast cells (CT)

Answer 23

produce histamine to dilate blood vessels

Question 24

leucocytes

Answer 24

white blood cells that migrate out from blood

Question 25

Connective tissue classifications

Answer 25

embryonic
mature

Question 26

embryonic CT

Answer 26

mesenchyme
mucous

Question 27

mucous CT (Embryonic)

Answer 27

supportes umbilical cors, protects blood vessels

Question 28

Mesenchyme CT (embryonic)

Answer 28

gives rise to all other CT. made of CT cells in semifluid GS, with reticular fibres

Question 29

mature connective tissue

Answer 29

loose
dense
blood
lymph
cartilage
bone

Question 30

loose MCT

Answer 30

areolar (packing and support)
adipose (insulation, energy, temperature control)
reticular (forms stroma, binds smooth muscle, red blood cell filter for spleen and microbes for lymph nodes

Question 31

dense MCT

Answer 31

regular (regularly arranged collagen: tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, slow healing)
irregular (tensile or pulling in many direction, occurs in sheets, collagen irregularly arranged)
elastic (elastic fibres and fibroblasts, allows stretching. strong and can recoil to original shape

Question 32

Cartilage Supporting MCT

Answer 32

cartilage:
-hyaline for flexibility and movement, a bit weak
- elastic for strength and eleasticity, maintain shape
-fibrocartilage for support and joing structures together. strongest

Question 33

Supporting MCT: Bone

Answer 33

Compact
spongy

Question 34

Compact bone/cortical bone

Answer 34

outer layer, shaft of long bones, made of rod units called osteons. stores calcium and phosphourous. protection and support

Question 35

spongy bone/cancellous bone

Answer 35

porous inner bone under compact bone. no osteons. stores yellow marrow and red marrow

Question 36

Bone cells

Answer 36

osteogenic: stem cells that lay down collagen
osteoblasts: form bone, more collagen and mineralisation proces
osteocytes: mature bone trapped in mineralised ECM (nutrient and waste exchange)
osteoclast: large, breaks down bone and formed from blood monocytes

Question 37

osteon structure

Answer 37

lamellae
lacunae
canaliculi
central canal

Question 38

lamellae

Answer 38

for hardness concentric rings of mineral salts

Question 39

lacunae

Answer 39

small spaces for osteocytes (mature bone cells)

Question 40

canaliculi

Answer 40

little canals with Extracellular fluid that provide a route for oxygen and nutrients

Question 41

central haversian canal

Answer 41

canal for blood lymph and nerves in bone

Question 42

chondroblasts

Answer 42

lay down collagen when bone breaks and repair needs to hapen.

Question 43

Fluid connective tissue

Answer 43

blood and lymph

Question 44

Blood as CT

Answer 44

ECM = plasma, formed elements = red, white, and platelets, lymphocytes (immune response)