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honors bio > cells and transport test > Flashcards

cells and transport test Flashcards

1
Q

what’s the cell theory

A

a theory that states that:
all organism are made of cells
cells are the basic unit of life
all cells are produced from other cells

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2
Q

what is passive transport

A

when no energy is used to move molecules, using concentration

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3
Q

what are the three types of passive transport

A
  1. diffusion: moves molecules from area of high concentration to low
  2. facilitated diffusion: type of passive transport that increases rate of diffusion with the help of transport proteins
  3. osmosis: movement of water from high to low concentration using aquaporin
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4
Q

what is a uniport transport protein

A

one that allows 1 molecule in 1 direction

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5
Q

what is a symport protein

A

one that allows 2 types of molecules in 1 direction

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6
Q

what is a antipart protein

A

one that allows 2 types of molecules in 2 different directions

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7
Q

what is dynamic equilibrium

A

homeostasis; maintain stable internal environment

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8
Q

what is a metabolism

A

all the chemical reactions in a body

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9
Q

what is the cell membrane composed of

A

a phospholipid bilayer, with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

contains the lipid (bilayer) protein (channels) and carbohydrate chains (identification cords)

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10
Q

what is a integral protein

A

one that spans the membrane

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11
Q

what is a peripheral protein

A

one that is one side or the other on the protein (lies on surface)

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12
Q

what are the three exceptions to cell theory

A
  1. the first cell
  2. mitochondria and chloroplasts have DNA and can reproduce on their own
  3. viruses have DNA. but can produce and have organelles; must have a host organism to reproduce
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13
Q

what is the endosymbiotic theory

A

where did mitochondria + chloroplast come from? thought that they were originally prokaryotes that a eukaryotic cell engulfed and overtime found that both benefited from the symbiotic relationship. evidence is that it has a plasma membrane, ribosomes and DNA

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14
Q

what organelles are not found in plant cells

A

centrioles, lysosome

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15
Q

what organelles are not found in animal cells

A

cell wall, chloroplast,central vacuoles

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16
Q

what is the function of cell membrane

A

selective permeability; structure and support and protection

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17
Q

what is the function of the rough ER

A

protein synthesis and transport, and highly developed in protein exporting cells like liver

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18
Q

structure of rough ER

A

interconnected membranes that spread throughout the cytoplasm forming channels of flattened sacs with ribosomes attached.

is continuous with nucleus, and channels transport proteins made by ribosomes

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19
Q

function of smooth ER

A

synthesize and transport lipids and steroids. detoxify drugs and break down alcohol

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20
Q

structure of smooth er

A

smooth appearance and has similar channels to rough er, but are tubular.

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21
Q

function of golgi body

A

takes proteins exported from both ER, modifies and encloses them in vesicles and exports out of cell.

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22
Q

structure of golgi

A

flattened stack of membranes

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23
Q

function of lysosome

A

digest and dispose of foreign particles, malfunctioning structures and worn out organelles

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24
Q

structure of lysosome

A

contends of them are contained in vesicles. contains 40 or so digestive enzymes.

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25
Q

function of mitochondria

A

to do cellular respiration that produce ATP and contain it. glucose + oxygen make ATP, CO2 and water. these reactions are called aerobic respiration

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26
Q

structure of mitochondria

A

double membrane that create two areas in mitochondria called matrix and cristae

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27
Q

function of nucleus

A

control metabolic processes and contain DNA

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28
Q

structure of nucleus

A

surrounded by a membrane similar to cell membrane. nuclear pores are in this membrane that allow for the nucleus to communicate with cytoplasm. substances can also go in.

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29
Q

structure of nucleolus

A

rich in RNA and synthesis of ribosomes

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30
Q

structure of nucleolus

A

consists of densely packed chromosomes protein and RNA from which subunits of ribosomes are formed

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31
Q

what’s a chloroplast

A

called a plastid (specialized plant cell organelles), which is oval shaped and found by a double membrane and important to photosynthesis. contains pigment which contains chlorophyll.

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32
Q

function of vacuole

A

store stuff like ions, metabolic products and toxic compounds. main function is to increase cell size and surface area so that the absorption of ions is enhanced

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33
Q

structure of vacuole

A

fluid filled bound by cell membrane

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34
Q

what is a vesicle

A

small vacuole

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35
Q

function of chromosome

A

carry genetic code

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36
Q

structure of chromosome

A

dna

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37
Q

function of cell wall

A

allow for withstanding of high internal pressure without bursting, structural support

38
Q

structure of cell wall

A

made of cellulose

39
Q

function of centrioles

A

pull chromosomes apart during mitosis

40
Q

structure of centrioles

A

paired cylindrical organelles near nucleus that may perpendicularly to each other

41
Q

function of ribosome

A

site of protein synthesis where AA are made into proteins w directions from DNA

42
Q

what is cytoskeleton

A

arrangement of structural proteins that give the cell its shape and support it is made of many proteins

43
Q

what is microfilament

A

long thing protein fibres that give a cell its shape and allow it to move and also aids in cell division and cell shape

44
Q

what are microtubules

A

hollow tubes of protein that move chromosomes, move the cell and maintain cell shape

45
Q

what are cilia

A

small numerous microtubules that lie on outside of membrane and serve to allow them to move around

46
Q

what are flagella

A

large usually singular microtubule that allows for a cell to move

47
Q

what is a isotonic solution

A

one that has equal extracellular and intracellular solute concentration (ex. 10% outside, 10% inside)

48
Q

what is a solute

A

the substance that is dissolved in water

49
Q

what is solvent (in this unit)

A

water

50
Q

what happens to cells when placed in an isotonic solution

A

movement of water into the cell is equal to the movement of water outside

51
Q

what happens to a plant cell in a isotonic solution

A

it becomes flaccid

52
Q

what happens to a animal cell in a isotonic solution

A

it becomes normal (ideal)

53
Q

what is a hypotonic solution

A

a solution in which the extracellular solution has a lower concentration of solutes then the intracellular solution (ex. 2% outside, 8% inside)

54
Q

what happens when water moves through plasma membrane in a hypotonic solution

A

it swells

55
Q

what happens to an animal cell in a hypotonic solution

A

cell lyses

56
Q

what is cell lyses

A

when a animal cell bursts because water enters the cell. it goes from hypotonic to hypertonic

57
Q

what happens to a plant cell in a hypotonic solution

A

the central vacuole fills up with water and pushes on the wall, making it crisp and healthy. this is called turgor pressure.

also known as turgid

58
Q

What is a hypertonic solution

A

a solution in which the extracellular solution has a higher concentration of solutes then the intracellular solution (ex. 8% outside, 2% inside)

59
Q

what happens when water moves through the plasma membrane in a hypertonic solution

A

it moves out of the cell and causes the cell to shrink (lose water)

60
Q

what happens when a animal cell is placed in a hypertonic solution

A

it crenates (shrinks and dies)

61
Q

what happens when an plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution

A

it will plasmolyze (loose water)

62
Q

what is plasmolysis

A

the loss of water by a plant causing the cell membrane to pull away from the cell wall.
it causes the plant to wilt, and eventually die if no water is given.

63
Q

what factors affect passive transport

A

temperature, size of the molecule, size of the concentration gradient, number of transport proteins (for facilitated diffusion)

64
Q

what happens when temp is changed in passive transport

A

if increase temp, increase molecular motion
if decrease temp, decrease molecular motion

65
Q

what happens if you change the size of the molecule in passive transport

A

if they are smaller, the rate of diffusion increases
if they are bigger, the rate of diffusion decreases

66
Q

what happens if you change the size of the concentration gradient

A

greater gradient = faster rate

67
Q

what happens if you change the number of transport proteins

A

the transport proteins can be saturated, similar to enzymes. it can only transport a max number at a time.
if you increase number of proteins, rate of reaction increases

68
Q

what is active transport

A

active transport is ion transport against the concentration gradient using transport proteins. allows for movement of large, complex molecules that cannot move via passive transport, using vesicles/vacuoles

69
Q

what are the 2 categories of active transport

A

transport with a transport protein/pump
bulk transport (endocytosis and exocytosis)

70
Q

how does active transport via a protein pump work

A

uses atp to power a change in protein shape to bring ions or molecules into/out of the cell, against the concentration gradient.

71
Q

what ratio must be kept in a sodium/potassium pump

A

3 sodium to 2 potassium
3:2

72
Q

what is endocytosis

A

the process in which a cell surrounds and takes in materials from the environment

two types: phagocytosis and pinocytosis

73
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

engulfing of solid particles

74
Q

what is pinocytosis

A

taking in a dissolved particle

75
Q

what is exocytosis

A

when a material exits a cell

76
Q

what is exocytosis used for

A

excretion and secretion

77
Q

examples of excretion in exocytosis

A

removal of metabolic waste; cellular waste such as urine, sweat; products of reactions

78
Q

examples of secretion in excytosis

A

saliva, oils, mucous

79
Q

what do vacuoles hold

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

80
Q

what do centrioles pull apart

A

nucleic acid

81
Q

what do chloroplasts make

A

glucose (carbohydrates) via photosynthesis

82
Q

what are made in endoplasmic reticulum

A

lipids, proteins

83
Q

what does golgi put into packets

A

proteins

84
Q

what does mitochondria use to make ATP

A

glucose (carbohydrate)

85
Q

what do ribosomes use as instructions

A

nucleic acid

86
Q

what do ribosomes make

A

protein

87
Q

what is cholesterol

A

structure that helps move molecules across the cell membrane `

88
Q

what condition do animal cells require

A

isotonic

89
Q

what conditions do plant cells require

A

hypotonic (to make them have turgor to stand up)

90
Q
A

honors bio (5 decks)

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