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honors bio > unit 1 biochemistry > Flashcards

unit 1 biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

what elements are found in lipids

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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2
Q

what elements are found in carbohydrates

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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3
Q

what elements are found in proteins

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphate

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4
Q

what are the monomers of lipids

A

fatty acids and glycerol

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5
Q

what are the monomers of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

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6
Q

what are the monomers of proteins

A

amino acids

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7
Q

what are 4 examples of lipids

A

fats (triglycerides)
phospholipids
steroids
waxes

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8
Q

what are 5 examples of carbohydrates

A

glycogen/glucose
starch
cellulose
chitin
deoxyribose/ribose

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9
Q

what are 6 examples of proteins

A

enzymes (ex. digestive enzymes)
hormones (ex insulin)
transporting proteins
immunoglobulins
collagen, keratin
muscle proteins

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10
Q

what are the functions of fats

A

long term energy storage

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11
Q

what are the functions of phospolipids

A

they’re a structural component of the cell membrane, and have a hydrophilic head with hydrophobic tails

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12
Q

what are the functions of steroids

A

sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone)

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13
Q

what are the functions of waxes

A

the waterproofing of the surface of a leaf, repelling water

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14
Q

what is the function of glycogen/glucose

A

short term energy storage in animals

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15
Q

what is the function of starch

A

amylose in plants, breaks down glucose

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16
Q

what is the function of cellulose

A

structure and support; roughage fiber

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17
Q

whats the function of chitin

A

exoskeleton in arthropods

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18
Q

whats the function of deoxyribose and ribose

A

DNA/RNA

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19
Q

whats the function of enzymes

A

speeding up the rate of reaction

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20
Q

whats the function of hormones

A

chemical messengers or communicators

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21
Q

whats the function of transporting proteins

A

transporting proteins like hemoglobin transport 02.

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22
Q

whats the function of immunoglobulins

A

chemical defense or immunity

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23
Q

whats the function of collagen and keratin

A

structural

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24
Q

whats the function of muscle proteins

A

actin/myosin, movement

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25
Q

what is a primary protein structure

A

a sequence of amino acids joined by polypeptide bonds

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26
Q

what is a secondary protein structure

A

when the sequence of amino acids joined by polypeptide bonds form h-bonds to create a alpha helix or pleated sheet shape

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27
Q

what is a tertiary protein structure

A

when certain attractions are present between alpha helixes and pleated sheets; forms the 3D structure; occurs due to R-group temporary bonds; amino acids that have hydrophobic R groups go to the middle, while ones with hydrophilic R groups remain on the outside; this forms the 3d shape.

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28
Q

what is a quaternary protein structure

A

a protein consisting of more then 1 polypeptide chain.

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29
Q

what is denaturing

A

when H-bonds are broken via methods like heating and changing pH. this causes proteins to unfold and loose function.

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30
Q

what is the chemical formula for an amine group

A

NH2

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31
Q

what is the chemical formula for a carboxy group (carboxylic acid)

A

COOH

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32
Q

what is the empirical formula for a carbohydrate

A

(CH2O)n

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33
Q

what are the parts of a amino (from left to right)

A

amine group, R group, carboxylic acid group

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34
Q

whats a organic molecule

A

molecules or compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen (ex. C6H12O6)

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35
Q

whats an inorganic molecule

A

molecules or compounds that contain carbon or hydrogen or neither (ex. CO2)

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36
Q

what does pH stand for

A

parts per hydrogen

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37
Q

what do pH of 1-6.9 represent

A

acidic (lots of H+, less OH-)

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38
Q

what do pH of 7 represent

A

neutral

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39
Q

what do pH of 7.1-14 represent

A

basic (lots of OH-, less H+)

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40
Q

whats a polymer

A

3 or more monomers

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41
Q

whats a dimer

A

2 monomers

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42
Q

whats dehydration synthesis

A

the process of removing water (HOH) to join 2 monomers. removes 1 OH and 1 H, creating a H2O molecule. each bond creates 1 molecule of water.

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43
Q

whats hydrolysis

A

the process of adding water (HOH) to break the bond between 2 monomers.

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44
Q

how can you identify a carbohydrate name wise and what is the exception

A

usually ends in “ose”. the exceptions are glycogen and starch.

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45
Q

what are 3 examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

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46
Q

what are 3 examples of disaccharides

A

maltose, sucrose, lactose

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47
Q

what are 3 examples of polysaccharides

A

starches, fiber (cellulose), glycogen

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48
Q

what is another name for a polysaccharide

A

complex carbohydrate

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49
Q

whats the indicator for glucose

A

benedicts

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50
Q

what does benedicts indicate, what is the negative and positive control

A

benedicts indicates for glucose. the negative is blue, and the positive is orange, revealed after heating up.

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51
Q

what is a pentose and examples

A

a pentose is a 5 carbon carbohydrate structure. some examples are deoxyribose and ribose.

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52
Q

what is the function of RNA (ribose)

A

ribose makes up RNA nucleotide. it’s used to make proteins

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53
Q

what is the function of DNA (deoxyribose)

A

makes up hereditary info found in nucleus.

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54
Q

what is a hexose and examples

A

a 6 carbon sugar. an example is glucose (C6H12O6)

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55
Q

whats the function of a hexose

A

immediate source of energy used during cellular respiration to create usable energy (ATP)

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56
Q

what are the properties of a hexose

A

they can be easily transported across the cell membrane. they are permeable and soluble.

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57
Q

whats a isomer

A

same molecular formula, but with different shapes. this results in different properties.

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58
Q

what is a dissacharide

A

combination of 2+ monosaccharide monomers formed with dehydration synthesis and broken down with hydrolysis.

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59
Q

what is sucrose made of

A

glucose and fructose

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60
Q

what is the function of sucrose

A

for table sugar created and used by plants to transport sugar to roots or stems for storage

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61
Q

what is lactose made of

A

galactose and glucose. its used in milk sugar

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62
Q

what is maltose made of

A

glucose and glucose (2 glucose monomers) its used in germinating seeds and malt beverages like wine and beer.

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63
Q

whats a polysaccharide

A

hundreds of monosaccharides combined together wit dehydration synthesis and digested via hydrolysis

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64
Q

properties of a polysaccharide

A

insoluble
too big
doesn’t transport through membrane
made only from glucose monomers
storage polysaccharides (starch) + structural polysaccharides (cellulose)

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65
Q

what is a glycogen

A

animal starch; found in animal’s liver and muscle; can store for up to 24hrs.

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66
Q

what is a starch

A

plant starch; found in plant roots and stems; when we eat plants we hydrolyze(digest) this starch into glucose and harness the energy the plants are storing.

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67
Q

why do we eat cellulose

A

roughage, fiber, increasing intestinal movements

68
Q

why cant we digest cellulose

A

no enzyme for it

69
Q

whats the indicator for starch, along with the negative and positive controls

A

the indicator for starch is iodine. the negative is amber, and the positive is blue/black

70
Q

whats the main characteristic of a lipid

A

hydrophobic

71
Q

what are the functions of lipids

A

long term energy (9cal/g = 2.5x more then carbs/protein); cushion organs

72
Q

what happens if you have too many lipids

A

heart disease; atherosclerosis (hardens arteries and creates a plaque blockage)

73
Q

whats glycerol

A

a 3 carbon alcohol used as backbone in lipid synthesis

74
Q

whats a fatty acid

A

composed of carboxyl group and hydrocarbon chain

75
Q

whats the difference between a sat and unsat fatty acid

A

saturated fatty acid has no carbon double bonds; unsaturated has 1+ carbon double bonds.

76
Q

what are characteristics of a saturated fatty acid

A

solid at room temp, animal , increases chance of heart disease if you have too many

77
Q

what are characteristics of a unsaturated fatty acid

A

less hydrogen atoms, bend due to the double bonds, increases transport in cell membrane, liquid at room temp, comes from oil in plants, decreases heart disease

78
Q

whats a phospholipid made of (monomers)

A

glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate group

79
Q

whats the nature of a phospholipid head

A

hydrophilic, polar, attracted to H2O

80
Q

whats the nature of a phospholipid tail

A

hydrophobic, non-polar, repels H2O.

81
Q

what is the outside and inside of a cell membrane filled with

A

extracellular fluid

82
Q

whats an emulsifier

A

a substance that breaks fat into tiny droplets ex. soap, bile

83
Q

whats an example of a wax

A

cutin. makes up outside of a leaf, prevents evaporation of water from surface of leaf

84
Q

whats the lipid bilayer

A

2 layers of lipids around all cell and organelles

85
Q

whats a steroid

A

lipids containing a steroid nucleus, which is a structure of 4 fused rings. found in cholesterol, bile salts, hormones, vitamin D

86
Q

whats cholesterol

A

the main steroid; found in animal cell membranes; high levels of cholesterol lead to cardiovascular disease; prevents phospholipids from forming a solid fat; good in membranes bc it separates phospholipids, increasing fluidity and transport.

87
Q

what are some examples of steroids

A

estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, cortisone

88
Q

what does estrogen do

A

secondary sex characteristics; mensural cycle; hip widening; mammary glands

89
Q

what does cortisone do

A

secondary sex characteristics; deep voice, muscle bulk, facial hair, sperm production

90
Q

what does testosterone do

A

decrease inflammation

91
Q

what does progesterone do

A

thickens uterus lining in preparation for pregnancy

92
Q

how many amino acids are essential

A

10

93
Q

what are essential amino acids

A

ones that you must get from food, and cannot create. you ingest them, and then digest them.

94
Q

how may amino acid are non-essential

A

10

95
Q

what are non-essential amino acids

A

ones that we produce in our bodies, specifically in our liver. it creates them via amination/transamination, which is the moving of amine groups

96
Q

whats amination

A

to make a amino acid in a plant, by using the nitrogen in the soil.

97
Q

whats deamination

A

to remove the amine groups (NH2); theyre converted to urea, then to urine in the liver; NH2 is toxic;

98
Q

why do we eat proteins

A

to rearrange the amino acids into a different protein

99
Q

what does the order of a amino acid determine

A

the structure and function

100
Q

what is a peptide bond

A

the name of the bond formed when 2 amino acids bond

101
Q

what is a dipeptide

A

two amino acids bonded together

102
Q

what is a polypeptide

A

when many amino acids link together to form a polypeptide or protein (>50)

103
Q

what is the smallest protein

A

insulin, which decreases blood sugar. allows sugar to go into cells -> glycogen (branched storage); energy used in cell resp;

104
Q

what is a polar compouind

A

a compound that has a partial positive and negative charge, also soluble in water.

105
Q

why is carbon a good element to form the base of all organic molecules

A

because it can form 4 bonds.

106
Q

how do cells use carbs to get energy, and why do they need the enrgy

A

they use cellular respiration to create energy. they need the energy to drive metabolic processes like dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.

107
Q

why is the structure of a phospholipid ideal for the structure and function of a cell membrane

A

creates and separates two environments; a hydrophobic inside and a hydrophilic outside.

108
Q

why are triglycerides efficient energy storage

A

long C-H chains allow for lots of energy to be storage in the bonds

109
Q

why are steroids still a lipid

A

because they’re hydrophobic and insoluble in water.

110
Q

how do you identify a unsat fatty acid

A

1 carbon double bonds, bent

111
Q

how do you identify a saturated fatty aciod

A

no bend, straight, no carbon double bonds

112
Q

how do you identify a polyunsaturated fat

A

2+ carbon double bonds, bent

113
Q

what is starch an example of

A

carb

114
Q

what is cholesterol an example of

A

lipid

115
Q

what is steroid an example of

A

lipid

116
Q

what is glycogen an example of

A

carb

117
Q

what is enzymes an example of

A

protein

118
Q

what is a saturated fat an example of

A

lipid

119
Q

what is polypeptide chain a example of

A

protein

120
Q

what is glucose an example of

A

carb

121
Q

what is polysaccharide an example of

A

carb

122
Q

what is phospholipid an example of

A

lipid

123
Q

what is glycerol an example of

A

carb (used in lipid)

124
Q

what is monosaccharide an example of

A

carb

125
Q

what is cellulose an example of

A

carb

126
Q

what is amino acid an example of

A

protein

127
Q

what is unsat fatty acid an example of

A

lipiod

128
Q

whats provides long term energy storage for animals

A

lipid

129
Q

what provides immediate energy

A

glucose

130
Q

what is responsible for sex hormones

A

steroid

131
Q

what is responsible for short term energy storage in plants

A

amylose

132
Q

what is responsible for animal and plant structures

A

polysaccharides

133
Q

what forms the cell membranes of all cells

A

phospholipid

134
Q

what speeds of chem reactions by lowering activation energy

A

enzyme

135
Q

what is an example of a single sugar

A

monosaccharide

136
Q

what is a monomer of protein

A

amino acid

137
Q

what provides long term energy storage for plants

A

amylose and starch

138
Q

what seroid makes up pat of the cell membranes

A

cholesterol

139
Q

what is the 3 carbon backbone of a fat

A

glyceriol

140
Q

what provides short term energy storage for animals

A

glycogen

141
Q

what has many suigars

A

polysaccharide

142
Q

what forms the cell wall of plant cells

A

cellulose

143
Q

what is found in spinach

A

cellulose

144
Q

what is found in beef jerky

A

proteinw

145
Q

what is found in bacon

A

protein

146
Q

what is found in celery

A

cellulose

147
Q

what is found in soy beans

A

proteinw

148
Q

what is found in cranberries

A

glucose

149
Q

what is found in egg whites

A

protein

150
Q

what is found in noodles

A

starch

151
Q

what is found in orange juice

A

glucoseh

152
Q

what is found in cheese

A

saturated fatsw

153
Q

what is found in wheat

A

starch

154
Q

what is found in table sugars

A

glucose

155
Q

what is found in popcorn

A

starch

156
Q

what is found in lobster

A

protein

157
Q

what is found in sesame soil

A

unsat fat

158
Q

whats only found in animals

A

sat fat
steroids
glycogen

159
Q

whats only found in plants

A

cellulose
starch

160
Q

whats found in both animals and plants

A

protein, amino acids, monosaccharides, glucose, enzymes, polysaccharides, phospholipids

161
Q

what is atp

A

adenosine triphosphate

162
Q

5 functions of protein

A

immune; immunoglobulin
transport; hemoglobin
storage; casein
signal; hormone insulin
structural; keratin

163
Q

which complex carb has many branches, and which one has a few branches

A

glycogen has many branches, and starch has a few branches

164
Q

at what protein structure level are peptide bonds important

A

primary

165
Q

what is a disulfide bond

A

when cysteine amino acids interact with each other to form covalent disulfide bonds that stabilize protein structure

166
Q
A

honors bio (5 decks)

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