Cells at work

Question 1

Fluid mosaic model

Answer 1

1. maintain shape
2. Coordinate changes thru attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
3. Chemical messengers (signal transduction)
4. Cell recognition (glycoproteins)
5. Selective Permeability

Question 2

Diffusion w/o energy investment or movement of molecules to its own gradient.

Answer 2

Passive transport

Question 3

Diffusion of molecules to
selective permeable membrane

Answer 3

Osmosis

Question 4

The ability of surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.

Answer 4

Tonicity

Question 5

Low solute level

Answer 5

Hypotonic

Question 6

Equal solute level

Answer 6

Isotonic

Question 7

Higher solute level

Answer 7

Hypertonic

Question 8

It means the control of water balance

Answer 8

Osmoregulation

Question 9

A type of passive transport but uses proteins to move across a membrane.

Answer 9

Facilitated Diffusion

Question 10

The very rapid diffusion of water into and out of certain cells

Answer 10

Aquaporin

Question 11

The movement of ions or molecules across
a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.

Answer 11

Active Transport

Question 12

The energy needed for Active Transport

Answer 12

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Question 13

It is the transfer of Phosphate

Answer 13

Phosphorylation

Question 14

It refers to the release of energy. Most of the metabolism are this kind of reaction

Answer 14

Exergonic reaction

Question 15

It requires a net input of energy and yield products that are rich in potential energy

Answer 15

Endergonic reaction

Question 16

It is the use of energy released from exergonic reaction to drive endergonic reactions

Answer 16

Energy coupling

Question 17

It refers to the energy barrier that must be overcome before a chermical reaction can begin

Answer 17

Activation Energy

Question 18

It binds to the active site and function in catalysis

Answer 18

Cofactors (nonprotein helpers)

Question 19

It reduces enzyme’s productivity by locking the substrate molecules

Answer 19

Competitive Inhibitor

Question 20

It does not enter the active site. Instead, it binds to the enzyme somewhere else called an allosteric site

Answer 20

Noncompetitive Inhibitor

Question 21

Model that describes the parental strand rejoins after replication

Answer 21

Conservative Model

Question 22

The model that describes that the parental DNA double helix is broken into segments that act as templates

Answer 22

Dispersive Model

Question 23

The model that describes that two parental DNA strands separate and each of those strands then serves as a template for the synthesis of a new DNA strand

Answer 23

Semi-conservative Model

Question 24

It refers to the “unzipping” of double stranded molecule done by DNA helicase (disrupts hydrogen bond).

Answer 24

Initiation

Question 25

The area that will become the template for replication

Answer 25

Replication Fork

Question 26

It holds the unpaired DNA strand

Answer 26

Single-stranded binding protein

Question 27

The process of creating new strand of DNA by adding nucleotides to template strands.

Answer 27

Elongation

Question 28

The main function of this is to duplicate the DNA content of a new cell during cell division

Answer 28

DNA Polymerase

Question 29

The process of ending transcription

Answer 29

DNA Termination

Question 30

The two types of RNA

Answer 30

- Messenger RNA (mRNA) - Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 31

It contains the genetic message transcribed from the DNA

Answer 31

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 32

It is the general term for the synthesis of any kind of RNA from DNA

Answer 32

Transcription

Question 33

A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth

Answer 33

Mitosis

Question 34

A type of cell division that produces four sex cells or gametes with half the number of chromosomes of the original cell.

Answer 34

Meosis

Question 35

- Chromatin condenses: DNA coils up. - Centrioles move apart. - Microtubules form the spindle.

Answer 35

Prophase

Question 36

- Nuclear membrane dissolves. - Proteins form Kinetochores on centromeres. - Fibers attach to Kinetochores. - Chromosomes move toward the center.

Answer 36

Prometaphase

Question 37

- Spindle fibers align chromosomes. - Forms the metaphase plate (straight line). - Ensures proper chromosome separation. - Each daughter cell gets one copy.

Answer 37

Metaphase

Question 38

- Chromatids separate at kinetochore. - Move to opposite ends. - Kinetochore action and polar microtubule interaction drive movement.

Answer 38

Anaphase

Question 39

- Chromosomes reach opposite ends. - Chromosomes expand. - Formation of the nuclear membrane starts. - Spindle fibers disappear, and cytokinesis begins.

Answer 39

Telophase

Question 40

- Separation of two daughter cells. - Actin protein forms a fiber ring in the center. - Pinches the cell, resulting in two diploid (46 chromosomes) daughter cells.

Answer 40

Cytokinesis

Question 41

- Chromosomes match in homologous pairs. - Somatic cells have a species-specific chromosome count; e.g., humans have 46. - Composed of 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes. - These chromosome pairs may carry different versions of the same gene. - X and Y chromosomes are only partially homologous.

Answer 41

Meosis