Nervous System Flashcards
(168 cards)
1
Q
Response to stimuli
A
Responsiveness or Iriritability
2
Q
It consists of neurons that carry information into and out of the Central Nervous System
A
Peripheral Nervous System
3
Q
It consists of the brain and, in vertebrates, the spinal cord
A
Central Nervous System
4
Q
What is the main type of tissue comprising the vertebrate nervous system
A
Nervous Tissue
5
Q
It comprises 10% of the total number of cells in the nervous system
A
Neurons
6
Q
Special cells that are associated with neurons. They come in many different types, and they perform many different functions
A
Neuroglia or glial cells
7
Q
Function of Neuroglia cells
A
- Support for the brain (physically)
- Assist in nervous system repair and
maintenance (prune neurons) - Assist in the development of the nervous
system - Provide metabolic functions for neurons
(attach them to blood vessels)
8
Q
Types of Neuroglia
A
- Microglia
- Astrocytes
- Oligodendrocytes
- Schwann cells
- Ependymal cells
- Satellite cells
9
Q
Are small, ovoid phagocytes that monitor the health of neurons.
A
Microglia
10
Q
Are the most abundant; they are highly branched. They cling to neurons and their synaptic endings, and cover capillaries
A
Astrocytes
11
Q
Are glial cells that have processes that wrap
around the nerve fibers of the central
nervous system.
A
Oligodendrocytes
12
Q
Wraps around the nerve fibers of the peripheral nervous system.
A
Schwann cells
13
Q
Both of them produce or form myelin sheath
A
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
14
Q
A type of glial cell that lines the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
A
Ependymal cells
15
Q
Are glial cells that surround and support neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system ganglia
A
Satellite cells
16
Q
- the basic structural and functional
unit of the nervous system - electrically excitable
- unusually long compared to other
cell types; even considered
longest cells in some cases
A
Neuron or nerve cell
17
Q
Function of Neuron or nerve cells
A
Transmission of nerve impulse
18
Q
Parts of a myelinated neuron
A
- Cell body / Soma / Perikaryon / Cyton
- Dendrites
- Axon
- Node of Ranvier
19
Q
Central part of the neuron and contains the nucleus and others
A
Cell body
20
Q
They carry impulses towards the cell body.
- short, branched, processes extending from cell body
A
Dendrites
21
Q
Carries impulses away from the cell body.
- long process extending from the cell body
A
Axon
22
Q
Gap in the myelin sheath between the adjacent Schwann cells or Oligodendrocytes
A
Node of Ranvier
23
Q
Structures of Neurons
A
- Anaxonic neuron
- Bipolar neuron
- Unipolar neuron
- Multipolar neuron
24
Q
Percentage of neurons that are multipolar
A
More than 99%
25
Types of Neurons according to function
- Sensory Neurons or Afferent Neurons
- Motor or Efferent Neurons
- Interneurons or Associative Neurons or Intermediate Neurons
26
Transmit sensory information from receptors to the central nervous system.
Sensory Neurons or Afferent Neurons
27
Convey commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands to initiate actions.
Motor or Efferent Neurons
28
Act as connectors within the central nervous system, facilitating communication between sensory and motor neurons and playing a role in information processing and integration.
Interneurons or Associative Neurons or Intermediate Neurons
29
Phases of Action Potential
1. Resting (polarized) phase
2. Depolarizing phase
3. Repolarizing phase
4. Hyperpolarizing phase
30
Are brain chemicals that
communicate information throughout our
brain and body. They relay signals between
nerve cells and between nerve cells and
effectors.
Neurotransmitters
31
Excitatory Neurotransmitters
- Dopamine
- Glutamate
- Acetylcholine
- Norepinephrine
- Epinephrine
32
Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
- Dopamine
- Serotinin
- Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid
33
It is formed when cells of the nervous system are grouped together
Nerve Tissue
34
Group of cell bodies outside CNS
Ganglion
35
Group of neurons within CNS
Nucleus
36
Group of nerve fibers outside CNS
Nerve
37
Group of nerve fibers within CNS
Tract
38
Refers any physical or chemical change capable of exciting an organism or its parts
Stimulus
39
A cell or organ having a special sensitivity to some particular kind/kinds of stimuli
Receptor
40
Cell, Tissue, or organ which react to stimuli
Effector
41
Components of Nervous System
Brain and Spinal Cord
42
General Function of Nervous System
Serves as information processing center
and central command post
43
It is protected by the cranium
Brain
44
It is protected by vertebral column
Spinal cord
45
The divisions of the Brain
- Forebrain
- Midbrain
- Hindbrain
46
The largest part of the brain. Controls the somatosensory, motor, language, cognitive thought, memory, emotions, hearing and vision
Cerebrum
47
A wide thick nerve tract connecting the cerebral hemispheres.
Corpus Callosum
48
Function of Frontal Lobe
- Motor control
- Problem solving
- Speech production
49
Function of Temporal Lobe
- Auditory processing
- Language comprehension
- Memory / Information retrieval
50
Function of Parietal Lobe
- Touch perception
- Body orientation and sensory discrimination
51
Function of Occipital Lobe
- Sight
- Visual reception and Visual interpretation
52
Function of Cerebellum
- Balance and coordination
53
Function of Brainstem
Involuntary responses
54
Acts as relay station for impulses travelling to and from spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum and cerebrum
Thalamus
55
1. Monitors water concentration, hormone
concentrations and body temperature
2. associated withfeelings of rage,
aggression, hunger and thirst.
3. plays an important role as an intermediary
between the nervous system and the
endocrine system
Hypothalamus
56
1. involved in the processing of emotions
such as fear, anger and pleasure
2. determines what memories are stored
and where the memories are stored in
the brain
Amygdala
57
1. Formation, storage and organization of
new autobiographical and fact memories
2. Emotionalresponses
3. Navigation
4. Spatial orientation
Hippocampus
58
It is composed of parts of the
forebrain, including the hypothalamus ,
amygdala and hippocampus.
Limbic System
59
The small region of the brain that connects the forebrain with the hindbrain. It allows continuity of relay of information from the forebrain to the hindbrain and vise versa
Midbrain
60
Main parts/ Function of midbrain
1. Superior colliculi (vision)
2. Inferior colliculi (hearing)
3. Tegmentum (consciousness)
4. Cerebral peduncle (motor function)
5. Red nucleus (motorfunction)
6. Substantia nigra (motor function)
61
The most posterior region of the brain
Hindbrain
62
The second largest part of the brain
Cerebellum
63
- helps control posture and balance
- coordinates voluntary movements
Cerebellum
64
- serves as a bridge between the cerebellar hemispheres
- also involved in production of chemicals the body needs for sleep
Pons
65
- controls breathing, heart rate, and a variety of reflexes
- relay of nerve signals between the brain and spinal cord
- coordination of body movements
Medulla Oblongata
66
Acts as regulatory system for sleep, waking, and alertness
Reticular Formation
67
What is the brainstem composed of
Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata
68
It contains centers that regulate several functions that are vital for survival, which include blood pressure, heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and certain reflex actions such as swallowing and vomiting.
Brainstem
69
Is an elongate tube that extends from the base of the brain to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is protected by the vertebral column, meninges and CSF.
Spinal Cord
70
Functions of Spinal Cord
- Connects the brain with PNS
- Controls responses that do not involve the brain
71
Arises from the surface of the Brain
Cranial Nerves
72
Arises from the Spinal Cord
Spiral Nerve
73
How many pairs of nerves does the Cranial Nerve have
12 pairs
74
How many pairs of nerves does the Spinal Nerve have
31 pairs
75
What is the largest cranial nerve
Trigeminal Nerve
76
What is the longest nerve
Vagus
77
What is the shortest nerve
Olfactory
78
Nerves in the Spinal Cord
- Cervical Nerves
- Thoracic Nerves
- Lumbar Nerves
- Sacral Nerves
- Coccyligeal Nerves
79
How many pairs of nerves does the Cervical nerve have
8 pairs
80
How many pairs of nerves does the Thoracic nerve have
12 pairs
81
How many pairs of nerves does the Lumbar nerve have
5 pairs
82
How many pairs of nerves does the Sacral nerve have
5 pairs
83
How many pairs of nerves does the Coccygeal nerve have
1 pair
84
Referred to as "the system that never sleeps" and is composed of nerves which has opposite effects on various parts of the body involved the involuntary actions
Autonomic Nervous System
85
It controls voluntary responses that control skeletal muscle contraction
Somatic Nervous System
86
1. controls the exchange of information
between receptors, CNS and the
skeletal muscle
2. controls all voluntary responses
Functions of Somatic Nervous System
87
The most common cause of dementia in elderly
Alzheimer's disease
88
A serious and often debilitating mental illness
Schizophrenia
89
One of the most common mental disorders
Depression
90
Are cells, tissues or organs
having a special sensitivity to some
particular stimulus
Receptors
91
2 ways to classify receptors
1. Based on location or source
2. Type of stimulus it can detect
92
A receptor sensitive to stimuli from external environment
Exteroreceptors
93
A receptor sensitive to stimuli from internal environment
Interoceptors
94
A receptor sensitive to both external and internal stimuli and are responsible for relaying information about our body's
spatial position to the brain (muscle length and tension, limb position)
Proprioceptors
95
A receptor that detect deformation of the receptors or adjacent cells; provide sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, hearing, equilibrium, blood pressure, and stretching of internal organs
Mechanoreceptors
96
A receptor that detect change in temperature
Thermoreceptors
97
A receptor that can respond to stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue
Nociceptors
98
A receptor that detects light that strikes the retina of the eye
Photoreceptors
99
A receptor that detects chemicals in mouth (taste), nose (smell), and body fluids
Chemoreceptors
100
A receptor that can sense the osmotic pressure of body fluids
Osmoreceptors
101
A receptor that is sensitive to pressure changes and are considered mechanoreceptors
Baroreceptors
102
Are sites of sensory receptors which collect information from the external environment and relay it to the NS then to the effectors.
Sense Organs
103
A receptor located within the skin or underlying tissues
Cutaneous (skin) receptors
104
Dense collections of myelinated fibers
White matter
105
Mostly soma and unmyelinated fibers
Gray matter
106
Sensitive to heat, cold or pain
(thermoreceptors, nociceptors and mechanoreceptors).
Free nerve endings
107
Respond to
touch and low-frequency vibration
Meissner’s corpuscles (tactile corpuscles)
108
Detect stretch, deformation with joints,
and warmth (sensitive to pressure).
Ruffini Endings
109
Very sensitive mechanoreceptor for
touch that is located at the base of the hair
Root hair plexus
110
The largest skin receptor, very quick to
adapt to skin displacement (sensitive
to pressure).
Pacinian Corpuscle
111
Mechanoreceptors, sensitive to cold,
more superficially located than Ruffini endings
Krause end bulbs
112
Located superficially in the dermis,react slowly to pressure (sustained pressure)
Merkel's disks
113
Total or partial loss of feeling
Anesthesia
114
Sensation of pricking and tingling followed by numbnesss.
Paresthesia
115
An abnormal or pathological increase in sensitivity to
sensory stimuli, as of the skin to touch
Hyperesthesia
116
A deadening or absence of the sense of pain without loss of
consciousness.
Analgesia
117
Exaggerated sense of pain
Hyperalgesia
118
3 distinct layer of tissue that composes the Eye
- Fibrous coat
- Vascular coat
- Retina and a lens
119
Thick fibrous
connective tissue that forms the
outer layer of the eyeball
Fibrous Coat
120
A part of the vascular coat. It is the white part of the eye
Sclera
121
A part of the vascular coat. The transparent front part; covered by a thin conjunctiva
Cornea
122
The highly vascular, opaque and incomplete layer between the retina and the sclera
Fibrous Coat
123
A part of the Fibrous coat. The
pigmented part at the back of the
eyeball that is rich in blood vessels
Choroid
124
A part of the vascular coat. The layer innert o the junction of sclera and cornea; has muscles that control the size of
the eyeball
Ciliary Body
125
A part of the vascular coat. It is the colored part of the eye; has a pupil and
muscles (radial and circular) that regulate the
diameter of the pupil
Iris
126
It is the opening
(circular black area) in the center of the iris. Its diameter changes in response to light.
Pupil
127
Are biconvex, circular, transparent
structure behind the pupil an elastic structure; its shape can be varied to adjust to objects at varying distances.
Lens
128
The lens is held in place with the help of what ligament
Suspensory ligament
129
Function of the Lens
Serves to focus the light on the retina
130
What are the layers of the Retina
- Photoreceptor layer : rods & cones
- Intermediate layer : bipolar neurons
- Internal surface : ganglia
131
It is used for peripheral vision where the image produced is not sharp and in shades of gray
Rods
132
It is used for photopic vision, capable of color vision and are responsible for high spatial acuity
Cones
133
-the point on the retina where the optic
nerve leaves the eye
-no rod or cone (so no image is formed)
Blind spot (optic disc)
134
It contains the densest concentration of cones and is responsible for sharp central vision like what is needed when reading or doing anything that requires visual detail
Fovea centralis
135
It is a condition where the cornea or lens is
irregularly shaped so that it prevents light from focusing properly on the retina, thus
causing blurred vision. It is corrected with cylindrical lens.
Astigmatism
136
It is a condition where the shape of the lens changes causing difficulty in focusing. It is corrected with bifocal lenses or with progressive lens
Presybopia
137
It is a group of eye diseases that can
cause vision loss and blindness by damaging the optic nerve. The most common cause is high intraocular pressure
Glaucoma
138
It is a vision condition in which the eyes make repetitive, uncontrolled movements.
Nystagmus
139
It involves perception of chemicals in air by chemreceptors in the epithilium lining in the nasal cavity. The sense of smell is called?
Olfaction
140
Refers to the inability to detect odors
Anosmia
141
Refers to the decreased ability to detect odors
Hyposmia
142
Very strong sense of smell
Hyperosmia
143
It refers to the distorted identification of smell
Dysosmia
144
It refers to the altered perception of smell in the presence of an odor, usually unpleasant
Parosmia
145
Perception of smell without an odor present
Phantosmia
146
It refers to the inability to classify or contrast odors, although able to detect odors
Agnosia
147
Are chemicals released by animals that affect the behavior or physiology or animals of the same species
Pheromones
148
It is the sensory function of the tongue
Gustation
149
It perceives temperature and along with the rest of the mouth, it helps determine the food's texture, oiliness, chewiness, viscosity and density and even pain like what is felt when food is hot
Tongue
150
It refers to the inability to taste
Ageusia
151
It refers to the decreased ability to taste
Hypogeusia
152
It refers to the distorted ability to taste
Dysgeusia
153
A bad taste in the moouth
Parageusia
154
The weakest among the five senses
Taste
155
Regions of the ear
- Outer ear
- Middle ear
- Inner ear
156
The earflap or auricle. Located in the outer ear
Pinna
157
Narrow tube running from the pinna to eardrum. Located in the outer ear
Auditory canal / tube / meatus
158
- Consists basically of very thin
sheet of skin and connective
tissue
- Ultimately converts and
amplifies vibration in air to vibration in fluid
- Located in the middle ear
Eardrum or Tympanic membrane
159
- Malleus (hammer)
- Incus (anvil)
- Stapes (stirrup)
- Located in the middle ear
Ossicles or ear bones
160
What connects the middle er to the pharynx
Eustachian tube
161
- A small fluid-filled, snail-shaped channel through the temporal bone
- Contains the receptors for transduction of the mechanical wave into an electrical signal
- Located in the inner ear
Cochlea
162
- Half-circular, fluid-filled tubes in
the vestibular labyrinth
- Located in the inner ear
Semicircular canals
163
The fluid within the space (scala tympani and scala vestibuli) separating the membranous and bony labyrinths of the ear
Perilymph
164
The fluid contained in the
membranous labyrinth of the inner
ear (cochlear duct)
Endolymph
165
The receptor organ for hearing
located in the mammalian cochlea.
Organ of Corti
166
Specialized sense organs for monitoring gravity and low-frequency vibrations present from cnidarians to arthropods
Stratocysts
167
When sensory receptors reduce their sensitivity to a continuous, unchanging stimuli
Sensory Adaption
168
