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biology > Cells - Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cells - Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms that every organism can be classified into?

A
  • Prokaryotes
  • Protoctista
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
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2
Q

What are the features of Monera?

A
  • Cell type: Prokaryotic
  • Organisation: Unicellular
  • Nutrition: Miscellaneous
  • Reproduction: Asexual by binary fission or budding
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3
Q

What are the features of Protoctista?

A
  • Cell type: Eukaryotic
  • Organisation: Unicellular, Filamentous or Multicellular
  • Nutrition: Miscellaneous
  • Reproduction: Mostly asexual by mitosis but can be sexual (meiosis)
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4
Q

What are the features of Fungi?

A
  • Cell type: Eukaryotic
  • Organisation: Multicellular
  • Nutrition: Mostly saprotrophic
  • Reproduction: Both sexually and asexually
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5
Q

What are the features of Plantae?

A
  • Cell type: Eukaryotic
  • Organisation: Multicellular
  • Nutrition: Photosynthetic autotrophs
  • Reproduction: Alternation of generations: sexual and asexual
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6
Q

What are the features of Animalia?

A
  • Cell type: Eukaryotic
  • Organisation: Multicellular
  • Nutrition: Heterotrophs
  • Reproduction: Mostly sexual with haploid gametes
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7
Q

What are the features and characteristics of the Nucleus?

A
  • Contains chromosomes
  • Controls cells activities by controlling transcription of DNA
  • Nucleolus manufactures ribosomal RNA and assembles ribosomes
  • Nuclear pores allow movement of RNA out to cytoplasm
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8
Q

What are the features and characteristics of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A
  • Ribosomes translate mRNA for protein synthesis
  • Rough ER folds and processes proteins
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9
Q

What are the features and characteristics of Ribosomes?

A
  • One large and one small subunit
  • Found in cytoplasm and RER
  • 80S found in eukaryotic cells ( ≈ 25nm diameter)
  • 70S found in prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplast (slightly smaller)
  • Made of rRNA and protein
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10
Q

What are the features and characteristics of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A
  • Synthesises, process and transports lipids
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11
Q

What are the features and characteristics of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • Processes, modifies and packages lipids and proteins
  • Vesicles often seen at the edges used to transport proteins to cell membrane
  • Makes lysosomes
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12
Q

What are the features and characteristics of Lysosomes?

A
  • Contains digestive enzymes called lysozymes
  • Can be used to digest invading cells or break down worn out components of the cell
  • Break down cells after they have died (autolysis)
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13
Q

What are the features and characteristics of Mitochondria?

A
  • Site of aerobic respiration, forms ATP from respiratory substrates
  • Double membrane, inner membrane forms cristae
  • Matrix contains enzymes required for respiration
  • Contains it’s own DNA and ribosomes
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14
Q

What are the features and characteristics of the Cell wall?

A
  • Mechanical strength preventing bursting by osmotic pressure
  • Allows water to pass along it and through the plant
  • Pores within the walls “plasmodesmata” allowing exchange and transport of substances between 2 cells
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15
Q

What are the cell walls made of in different organisms?

A
  • Plant cell: Cellulose
  • Algae: Cellulose/Glycoprotein
  • Fungal cell: Chitin
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16
Q

What are the features and characteristics of Chloroplasts?

A
  • Site of photosynthesis
  • Double membrane
  • Stroma contains enzymes, ribosomes and DNA
17
Q

What are the features and characteristics of the Vacuole?

A
  • Fluid filled sac bound by a single membrane (tonoplast)
  • Support plants by making them turgid
  • Sugar/amino acids are temporary food store
18
Q

What is the process of Protein Trafficking?

A
  1. Transcription of DNA and mRNA
  2. mRNA leaves nucleus
  3. Protein made on ribosomes enter rough ER
  4. Protein moves through the ER assuming three-dimensional shape en route
  5. Vesicles pinched off the rough ER contain the protein
  6. Vesicles from rough ER fuse to form the flattened sacs of the Golgi apparatus
  7. Proteins are modified within the Golgi apparatus
  8. Vesicles pinched off the Golgi apparatus contain the modified protein
  9. Vesicle fuses with cell surface membrane releasing protein
19
Q

What is Cell specialisation?

A
  • Multicellular organisms contain a wide range of different cells. Every cell is specialised to perform its function
  • Cells may have different shapes, contents or numbers of an organelle
20
Q

What are Tissues?

A
  • A collection of similar cells that perform a specific function from one origin
21
Q

What are Organs?

A
  • Multiple tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions, although they have one predominant major function
22
Q

What are Organ Systems?

A
  • Organs that work together as a single unit forming an organ system
  • E.g. digestive / respiratory / circulatory
23
Q

What are the general differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells?

A
  • DNA
  • Lack of membrane bound organelles
  • 70S ribosomes
  • Some bacteria also have plasmids, capsules and flagellum
24
Q

What are the differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic DNA?

A

Eukaryotic:
- Longer
- DNA associated with histones
- DNA is linear

Prokaryotic:
- Shorter
- No histones
- DNA is circular

25
Q

What are the features and characteristics of Circular and Plasmid DNA in prokaryotes?

A
  • Some prokaryotes have bother circular and plasmid DNA
  • The plasmid is a loop of DNA that can replicate independently of the DNA. It may contain genes that may benefit the cell further, e.g. in antibiotic resistance
26
Q

What are the features and characteristics of the Capsule in prokaryotes?

A
  • Secretes mucus slime to protect it from phagocytosis
  • It also helps groups of bacteria to stick together
27
Q

What are the features and characteristics of the cell wall in prokaryotes?

A
  • Cell wall made of murein (polymer of polysaccharides and peptides/glycoprotein)
  • Excludes certain substances and protects against mechanical damage and osmotic lysis
28
Q

What is the process of Binary fission?

A
  1. Circular DNA replicates, both copies attach to cell membrane
  2. Plasmids (if present) replicate
  3. Cell membrane pinches inwards between 2 circular DNA molecules dividing the cytoplasm
  4. New cell wall forms between 2 DNA molecules, diving the original cell into 2 identical daughter cells
29
Q

What do all viruses (acellular) contain?

A
  • A capsid (protein coat)
  • Inside this is the genetic material (DNA or RNA) that codes for viral proteins
  • Attachment proteins, allowing the virus to bind on to other cells
30
Q

What is a Bacteriophage?

A
  • A virus that infects bacterial cells

biology (9 decks)

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