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AQA AS Biology Revision > Cells/Centrifugation > Flashcards

Cells/Centrifugation Flashcards

1
Q

What does a Prokaryotic Cell have that a Eukaryotic Cell does not?

A

Capsule, Flagellum, Circular DNA, Plasmid Smaller Ribosomes, Cell Wall made of Murein. No Membrane bound Organelles.

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2
Q

What is the Function of Mitochondria?

A

Release Energy/Produce ATP from Aerobic Respiration

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3
Q

What is the Function of the Nucleus?

A

Storage Site of Genetic Information, Site of DNA Replication and its Transcription to RNA (mRNA and tRNA).

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4
Q

What are Plasmids?

A

Small circles of DNA - Exchange DNA between bacterial cells

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5
Q

What is the Function of the Capsule? (in Prokaryotic Cells)

A

Thick polysaccharide layer outside cells for protection/Helps groups of bacteria stick together for more protection

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6
Q

What is the Function of the Flagellum?

A

Tail for Movement. Helps spin cell through fluids.

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7
Q

What is the difference between the ribosomes in prokaryotic vs eukaryotic?

A

80s type in eukaryotic (bigger)

70s in prokaryotic

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8
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Make Proteins (protein synthesis)

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9
Q

What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Surface Ribosomes bind to for Protein Synthesis. Provides Pathway for transport of materials around cell

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10
Q

What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Makes, Stores and transports lipids and Carbohydrates

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11
Q

What is the Function of the Golgi Body?

A

Modifies Polypeptide chains into Mature Proteins.
Sorts and Ships Lipids for Secretion or use within cell.
Makes Secretory Enzymes.
Forms Glycoproteins.
Modified Proteins and Lipids are transported in Golgi Vesicles.

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12
Q

What is the function of Lysosomes?

A

Break down and Recycle Materials in Cell

Contain Enzymes

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13
Q

What is the Role of Centrifugation?

A

Helps to Separate Organelles.

Most dense Organelles separate 1st, forming a pellet. Left over is Supernatant-can be spun again.

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14
Q

What are the main parts in Chloroplasts?

A

Double Plasma Membrane, Grana, Thylakoids, Stroma

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15
Q

What are the Grana? (In Chloroplasts)

A

Stacks of Thylakoids. Chlorophyll contained here. Where the 1st stage of Photosynthesis happens

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16
Q

What is the Stroma? (In Chloroplasts)

A

Fluid filled Matrix. Starch grains found here. Where the 2nd stage of Photosynthesis happens

17
Q

What are the main steps of Centrifugation?

A 
Chop up Cells
Homogenise
In Cold, Isotonic, Buffered Solution
Filter and Centrifuge
Organelle making up 1st Pellet is Nucleus
Centrifuge Supernatant at Higher speed
18
Q

What is the solution left over after Centrifugation called?

A

Supernatant

19
Q

What is the Solution called, before being Centrifuged, but after being filtered?

A

Filtrate

20
Q

How are Epithelial cells Adapted for Absorption?

A

Microvilli- Large SA
Many Mitochondria- Release Energy- Active Transport
Carrier Proteins-Active Transport and Facilitated Diffusion
Co-transport of Na+ ions and Glucose
- Membrane-bound Enzymes digest Disaccharides/Produce Glucose

21
Q

What is the Structure of the Cell Wall in Plants?

A

Made of Microfibrils of Cellulose

Middle Lamella- Marks boundary between adjacent cell walls and cements them together

22
Q

What is the Function of the Cell Wall in Plants?

A

Mechanical Strength, Pathway for Water Transport in Plant

23
Q

What is the Cell Wall in Algae made of?

A

Cellulose or Glycoproteins or mix of both

24
Q

What is the Cell Wall in Fungi made of?

A

Chitin, Glycan and Glycoproteins

NOT Cellulose

25
Q

What is the Function of the Vacuole? (In Plants)

A

Support- turgid

Temporary Food Store, Pigments may colour petals- Attract Insects

26
Q

What is the Vacuole? (In Plants)

A

Fluid-filled Sac bounded by single Membrane - Tonoplast

Contains Salts, Sugars, wastes and Pigments

AQA AS Biology Revision (6 decks)

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