Cells, Matrix, Ossification, Bone Density, Bone Variation

Question 1

What are the four basic tissues of the human body?

Answer 1

epithelial, muscle, neural, and connective tissues

Question 2

What is osteology?

Answer 2

the study of bone

Question 3

What are the three primary cell types of bone?

Answer 3

osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

Question 4

What is the function of each type of bone cell?

Answer 4

osteoblast - form bone; osteocyte - maintain or nurture bone; osteoclast - remodel bone

Question 5

What are the bone cells embedded in?

Answer 5

an amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers, and various minerals

Question 6

What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?

Answer 6

glycosaminoglycans

Question 7

What types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?

Answer 7

chondroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates, and hyaluronic acid

Question 8

What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?

Answer 8

collagen type I

Question 9

What are the primary constituents of the bone mineral?

Answer 9

calcium, phosphate, citrate, and carbonate ions

Question 10

What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?

Answer 10

hydroxyapatite

Question 11

Bone is also the respository for what additional ions?

Answer 11

sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead, strontium, and radium

Question 12

What is Wolff’s Law as it pertains to bone?

Answer 12

living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to stress

Question 13

What are the three responses of bone that allow it to be described as “living?”

Answer 13

it has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors, and to age

Question 14

What is bone the embryological derivative of?

Answer 14

mesenchyme or cartilage

Question 15

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

Answer 15

intramembranous ossification

Question 16

What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?

Answer 16

from the second to third month in utero

Question 17

What bones are derived from intramembranous ossification?

Answer 17

the nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, frontal, parietal, most of the mandible and clavicle, the squama of the temporal and occipital bones, and the greater wing of the sphenoid

Question 18

Which bones of the neurocranium are formed by intramembranous ossification?

Answer 18

the frontal, parietal, squama of the temporal and occipital bones, and greater wing of the sphenoid

Question 19

Which bones of the facial skeleton are formed by intramembranous ossification?

Answer 19

the nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, and part of the mandible

Question 20

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?

Answer 20

endochondral ossification

Question 21

What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?

Answer 21

from the second to fifth month in utero

Question 22

What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?

Answer 22

chondrocranium

Question 23

What bones are formed from the chondrocranium?

Answer 23

the inferior nasal concha, ethmoid, and the remainder of the mandible, sphenoid, temporal, and occipital bones

Question 24

Which bones of the facial skeleton are derived from cartilage?

Answer 24

the inferior nasal concha and part of the mandible

Question 25

Which bones of the neurocranium are derived from cartilage?

Answer 25

the ethmoid and parts of the sphenoid, temporal, and occipital bones

Question 26

Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

Answer 26

the mandible, sphenoid, temporal, and occipital bones

Question 27

Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

Answer 27

the clavicle

Question 28

What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?

Answer 28

the primary centers of ossification appear before birth; the secondary centers of ossification appear after birth

Question 29

Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?

Answer 29

cortical or compact bone & spongy, cancellous, or trabecular bone

Question 30

What is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface?

Answer 30

subchondral bone

Question 31

What is the name of the outer fibro-celluar covering of bone?

Answer 31

the periosteum

Question 32

What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?

Answer 32

the endosteum

Question 33

What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?

Answer 33

sexual dimorphism (gender variation), ontogenetic variation (growth or age variation), geographic or population-based variation (ethnic variation), and idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)

Question 34

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on male and female variation is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 34

sexual dimorphism or gender variation

Question 35

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on age or developmental variation is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 35

ontogenetic variation

Question 36

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on ethnicity or locational variation is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 36

geographic variation or population-based variation

Question 37

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae withing the population based on the uniqueness between individuals is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 37

idiosyncratic variation