Cells Module 2

Question 1

Cell membrane

Answer 1

Flexible structure that defines the extent of the cell by separating two fluid compartments

Question 2

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Answer 2

Fluid within the cell

Question 3

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

Answer 3

Fluid outside the cell

Question 4

Phospholipid bilayer

Answer 4

Double layer of phospholipids with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

Question 5

Proteins

Answer 5

Numerous types of proteins are found throughout the membrane, serving a variety of functions.

Question 6

Carbohydrates

Answer 6

Form antigens on the cell surface which identify that cell as self to the body immune cells.

Question 7

Glycolipids

Answer 7

Combined lipid and carbohydrate

Question 8

Glycoproteins

Answer 8

Combined protein and carbohydrate

Question 9

Cholesterols

Answer 9

Stabilize the membrane while allowing mobility and flexibility

Question 10

What electrolyte is found in the greatest concentration within ICF

Answer 10

Potassium

Question 11

What electrolyte is found in the greatest concentration within ECF

Answer 11

Sodium

Question 12

Passive transport

Answer 12

Passive transport occurs without the use of cellular energy and occurs via diffusion or filtration.

Question 13

Diffusion

Answer 13

Driven by solutes concentration gradient, the difference in concentration of the solute between ICF and ECF.

Question 14

Osmosis

Answer 14

Diffusion of water across the cell membrane.

Question 15

Active cell transport

Answer 15

Requires the use of ATP to move substances across the cell membrane against their concentration gradient.

Question 16

Solute pumps

Answer 16

Proteins that actively move solutes across the cell membrane against their concentration gradients.

Question 17

Vesicular transport

Answer 17

Transportation of fluids containing large particles across the cell membrane.

Question 18

Exocytosis

Answer 18

Vesicles formed within the cell bind to and fuse with the cell membrane then release contents outside the cell

Question 19

Endocytosis

Answer 19

Substances from the exterior of the cell are wrapped in a small bit of plasma membrane which pinches off and moves into the cell.

Question 20

Phagocytosis

Answer 20

Certain body cells engulf and destroy microorganisms or large particles.

Question 21

Water gains

Answer 21

Metabolism
Food
Beverages

Question 22

Water losses

Answer 22

Urine
Sweat
Feces
Evaporation skin and lungs

Question 23

Thirst mechanism

Answer 23

Triggered when the osmolarity of plasma increases, water consumption will bring it back down.

Question 24

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 24

Hormone that stimulates the kidneys to retain water.

Question 25

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 25

Movement of large or charged molecules via the membrane.

Question 26

Mitochondria

Answer 26

Cellular powerhouse which produces ATP

Question 27

Ribosomes

Answer 27

Where proteins are made

Question 28

Rough ER

Answer 28

Manufactures membrane and extracellular proteins and phospholipids covered in ribosomes.

Question 29

Smooth ER

Answer 29

Site of lipid metabolism production of steroids breakdown of stored carbohydrates

Question 30

Golgi

Answer 30

Modifies, concentrates and packages proteins and lipids made by the rough ER

Question 31

Lysosomes

Answer 31

Digests foreign material and cellular debris, breaks down and released substances stored in the cell.

Question 32

Peroxisomes

Answer 32

Breaks down toxic substances within the cell.

Question 33

Cytoskeleton

Answer 33

Network of tubules providing structure to the cell.

Question 34

Centrosome

Answer 34

Anchor point for the cytoskeleton, cilia and flagella.

Question 35

Cilia

Answer 35

Short finger like projections of the cell surface which enhance surface area and can move substance along the surface of the cell.

Question 36

Flagella

Answer 36

Long, cellular extension used to propel the cell, only sperms have one.

Question 37

Anabolism

Answer 37

Any process in which larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones.

Question 38

Catabolism

Answer 38

Any process the breaks down complex structures into smaller molecules.

Question 39

Energy inputs

Answer 39

Nutrients from food, particularly macronutrients.

Question 40

Energy outputs

Answer 40

- Heat loss in the body - Use of ATP - Nutrient storage

Question 41

Cellular

Answer 41

Involves the metabolic reactions taking place within the cell body that utilise the nutrients from the diet.

Question 42

Anabolic reactions

Answer 42

Facilitate energy storage and structural building/ repairing or catabolic reactions that lead to step 2 and the generation of ATP.

Question 43

Cellular respiration

Answer 43

Series of catabolic reactions which generate ATP.

Question 44

Citric acid cycle

Answer 44

Series of steps whereby four reduced coenzymes, two carbon dioxide molecules, one ATP and water is formed.

Question 45

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 45

Four reduced coenzymes generated during the citric acid cycle undergo oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP.

Question 46

Glycolysis

Answer 46

Catabiolic reaction that generates two pyretic acid molecules from one glucose molecule.

Question 47

Aerobic pathway

Answer 47

In the presence of oxygen is converted into Acetyl CoA to enter the citric acid cycle

Question 48

Anaerobic pathway

Answer 48

In the absence of oxygen is converted into lactic acid, which may be used as a energy source in limited amounts.

Question 49

Glycogenesis

Answer 49

Excess glucose that is not required for ATP generation may be converted into glycogen within the liver and skeletal muscles.

Question 50

Glycogenolysis

Answer 50

When there is insufficient supplies of glucose available in the blood for body cells to draw on glycogen can be broken down to release glucose.

Question 51

Basal Metabiolic Rate (BMR)

Answer 51

Measures the minimum amount of calories that your body needs to perform necessary function.