Cells of the Immune System

Question 1

Does the innate immune response occur over hours to days or days to weeks?

Answer 1

Hours to days, very quickly before adaptive immune responses develop

Question 2

Are innate immunity responses mechanisms in place before or after an infection occurs?

Answer 2

They are mechanisms in place before the infection occurs.

Question 3

Do innate immunity responses change with repeated exposure to microbes?

Answer 3

They do not change

Question 4

Describe PAMPS

Answer 4

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns. They are structures that simulate innate immunity

Question 5

What are DAMPS

Answer 5

Damage-associated molecular patterns. They are molecules produced by or released from damaged and dying cells

Question 6

Are PAMPS and DAMPS part of the innate or adaptive immunity?

Answer 6

Innate

Question 7

What are the physical and chemical barriers in the innate immune system?

Answer 7

Epithelium, antimicrobial chemicals, lysozome in sweat, lactic acid in vagina, HCl in stomach)

Question 8

List 4 cells in the innate immune response

Answer 8

Phagocytic cells, dendritic cell, mast cells, NK cells

Question 9

Are Phagocytic cells, dendritic cell, mast cells, NK cells part of Innate immunity or Adaptive?

Answer 9

Innate imunity

Question 10

is the compliment system part of the innate or adaptive immune response

Answer 10

innate

Question 11

Does the adaptive immune response occur over hours to days or days to weeks?

Answer 11

days to weeks, slower onset

Question 12

Does the innate or adaptive immune system respond first

Answer 12

innate is faster, adaptive is slower

Question 13

What are the 2 types of lymphocytes that the adaptive immune system is known for

Answer 13

T and B lymphocytes

Question 14

Describe clonal selection

Answer 14

lymphocytes with unique receptors are activated by epitomes on antigens

Simply, when an antigen enters the body, a single B and T cells reproduce with specific receptors to recognize that specific antigen

Question 15

What is an epitome? Which system is it part of?

Answer 15

1. The part of antigens that is recognized by a lymphocyte receptor
2. Adaptive

Question 16

Describe how the adaptive immune system is diverse, has memory and is systemic

Answer 16

-The immune system is diverse because each lymphocyte clone has a distinct antigen receptor.
-It has memory because, after the exposure to an antigen, the immune system has memory cells that respond to next exposures
-It is systemic because you can have an infection in one area of the body that moves to all systems

Question 17

Are adaptive immune system responses positive or negative feedback loops

Answer 17

Positive: They amplify the reaction to a response, but there are control mechanisms to balance the response

Question 18

What are the 2 types of adaptive immunity

Answer 18

1. Humoral: antibodies produced by b-lymphocytes defends against microbes and toxins
2. Cell-mediated: Mediated by T lymphocytes, destroy microbes that survive inside phagocytes

Question 19

What is the main cell in humoral immunity

Answer 19

antibodies, produced by b-lymphocytes

Question 20

What is the main cell in cell-mediated immunity

Answer 20

T-lymphocytes

Question 21

Where does hematopoiesis take place

Answer 21

in the bone marrow

Question 22

What are the options that hematopoietic stem cells can turn into

Answer 22

Common lymphoid precursor or common myeloid precursor

Question 23

What do common lymphoid precursor cells turn into

Answer 23

B cells, T cells, NK cells

Question 24

What do common myeloid precursor cells turn into

Answer 24

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, macropages/dendritic cells, platlets

Question 25

What is a neutrophil classified as and what does it arise from

Answer 25

a white blood cell, comes from a common myeloid precursor cell.

Question 26

What is a neutrophil's major function?

Answer 26

Destroy pathogens by phagocytosis

Question 27

What is a neutrophil's life span in tissues

Answer 27

1-2 days

Question 28

What is an effector cell

Answer 28

a cell that is actively participating in killing invadors in the immune system

Question 29

What cell is an oxidative burst associated with

Answer 29

neutrophils

Question 30

What are the values for neutropenia?

Answer 30

Mild <1500 Moderate <1000 Severe <500 All in ANC (absolute neutrophil count)

Question 31

What does neutropenia cause a predisposition for

Answer 31

severe bacterial infections, ulcers, absesses, gingivitis

Question 32

Where do macrophages arise from

Answer 32

Common myeloid precursors which differentiate into monocytes (1 nucleus). They circle the bloodstream and then turn into macrophages

Question 33

When do macrophages become activated

Answer 33

in response to an infection

Question 34

How do macrophages kill pathogens

Answer 34

by phagocytosis and eliminating dead host cells

Question 35

What can a macrophage act as?

Answer 35

an APC (antigen-presenting cell). Macrophages can ingest and breakdown an invader, display it on their cell surface, and show it to T-lymphocytes to see a pathogen

Question 36

What are tissue resident macrophages derived from

Answer 36

yokl sac or fetal liver precursors during fetal development

Question 37

What are some of the special kinds of macrophages around the body?

Answer 37

Kupffer cells in liver alveolar macrophages in lung microgleal cells in brain

Question 38

What are sentinel cells

Answer 38

ditect microbes and secrete cytokines to initiate and amplify immune responses

Question 39

What is the most important APC

Answer 39

dendrites- capture microbial proteins at infection and bring to lymph nodes, present t cells to initiate adaptive immune response

Question 40

What do eosinophils do

Answer 40

circulate in the blood until recruited into tissues White Blood cells- respond to infections

Question 41

Where are eosinophils found

Answer 41

Blood, tissues, GI/GU tracts

Question 42

What is eosinophils MOA to kill parasites

Answer 42

contain enzymes that are harmful to cell walls of parasites, release contents of granules after binding to a parasite

Question 43

Where are mast cells found

Answer 43

tissues, usually by small blood vessils or nerves

Question 44

What does a mast cell do when activated

Answer 44

release potent inflammatory cytokines and lipid mediators. They do not phagocytize, they degranulate

Question 45

What cell receptor does mast cells have that is very important in allergies

Answer 45

IgE receptor that binds to antibodies

Question 46

What are basophils and what are they similar to

Answer 46

Circulating granulocytes, express IgE, similar to mast cells. Only small impact

Question 47

Why dont we see mast cells or macrophages in the blood stream

Answer 47

They are tissue residents, not circulating in the blood stream.

Question 48

What happens when a monocyte enters the tissue?

Answer 48

It turns into a macrophage

Question 49

Where do B cells mature?

Answer 49

In the bone marrow

Question 50

Where do T cells mature

Answer 50

in the Thymus

Question 51

What do you call mature T and B lymphocytes that haven't encountered an antigen?

Answer 51

naieve lymphocytes

Question 52

When does clonal expansion occur, and what is this an example of?

Answer 52

when T and B lymphocytes are exposed to an antigen. An example of diversity, where they have different expansion to pathogens

Question 53

What are the different jobs of effector cells and memory cells?

Answer 53

Effector cells eliminate the antigen and memory cells help have quicker responses to future infections

Question 54

What do CD4 cells turn into

Answer 54

Helper T cells (secrete cytokines, stimulate other immune cells)

Question 55

What do CD8 cells turn into

Answer 55

directly kill infected cells

Question 56

What do regulatory t cells do

Answer 56

supress and regulate immune response, maintain self-tolerance

Question 57

What do memory T cells do

Answer 57

remain in a cycling state, rapidly responding to future exposures

Question 58

What do effector B cells do

Answer 58

release antibodies that bind to pathogens or foreign substances, neutralizing them

Question 59

What do memory B cells do

Answer 59

memory cells that give long term immunity by responding to future exposure to same antigen

Question 60

What are 3 phagocytic cells

Answer 60

macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells(but usually not dendritic)

Question 61

What are sentnel cell examples?

Answer 61

Macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells - Tissue residents waiting for microbe to enter to kill

Question 62

What are 3 examples of granulocytes

Answer 62

-Contain granuel contents that kill invadors or pathogens Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, Mast cells

Question 63

Which cells have lymphocyte lineage

Answer 63

T cells, B cells, NK cells

Question 64

Name 3 APC's

Answer 64

Dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells

Question 65

How does the compliment system respond to infection

Answer 65

Blood proteins that are activated on microbial surfaces, tagging them for destruction by phagocytes (opsonization)

Question 66

What is the main function of the compliment system

Answer 66

Promote phagocytosis of microbes, stimulate inflammation, and induce lysis of microbes

Question 67

How do you differentiate between T and B cells?

Answer 67

You can't use a microscope- Use Flow Cytometry to differentiate

Question 68

In an infection, do neutrophil counts in blood go up or down

Answer 68

up- increases because neutrophils go to site of infection