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Immunuology > Cells of the immune system > Flashcards

Cells of the immune system Flashcards

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1
Q

where are cells of the immune system found?

A
  • Circulate in the bloodstream
  • Migrate into tissues to detect foreign antigens
  • accumulate in specialised organs to develop and differentiate
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2
Q

Name 5 white blood cells.

A
  • Neutrophil
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophil
  • Lymphocytes
  • monocyte
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3
Q

where do all cells from the immune system stem from?

A

Haemopoietic stem cell

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4
Q

what is a precursor of platelets?

A

megakaryocyte

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5
Q

what is the precursor of macrophages?

A

monocytes

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6
Q

Name 3 antigen presenting cells.

A
  • Macrophage
  • interdigitating cell
  • dendritic cell
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7
Q

what leucocytes makes up the lymphoid lineage and what is its function?

A

Lymphocytes

- involved in recognition and effector functions

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8
Q

what leucocytes makes up myeloid lineage?

A
  • Granulocytes (short lived)

- monocytes

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9
Q

Name the 3 granulocytes and their function.

A
  • Neutrophils (comprise 60-70% blood leucocytes)
  • Eosinophils (2-5% blood leucocytes)
  • Basophils (Mast cells) (<0.2% blood leucocytes)

Involved in effector function

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10
Q

what is monocytes function?

A

Involved in recognition and effector functions

Remove particulate matter e.g. microbes or aged RBC

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11
Q

How are neutrophils characterised?

A

multi-lobed nucleus

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12
Q

how do neutrophils enter tissues?

A

Adhere to endothelial cells lining blood vessels and squeeze between them to leave circulation and enter tissues (diapedesis)

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13
Q

what is neutrophils predominant role?

A

phagocytosis and destruction of pathogens

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14
Q

what do neutrophil granules contain?

A

arsenal against microbes:

  • Lysosomes - acid hydrolases, myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, defensins
  • 2o granules - lactoferrin, lysozyme
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15
Q

what is the role of lactoferrin?

A

retians iron and makes into a form that the body can use

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16
Q

What type of nucleus does an eosinophil have?

A

bilobed nucleus

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17
Q

what stains many cytoplamic granules in eosinophils?

A

eosin

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18
Q

what do the crystalloid core of granules in eosinophils contain?

A

-Major basic protein
= potent toxin for helminth worms
- Eosinophil cationic protein
- Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin

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19
Q

what happens when eosinophils are activated?

A

-release of granules which leads to killing of large pathogens that cannot be phagocytosed

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20
Q

what cells share characteristics with basophils but are only found in tissues?

A

Mast cells

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21
Q

what are basophils and mast cells triggered by?

A

By allergens to release the contents of their granules = allergic response

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22
Q

what type of nucleus does a basophil have?

A

segmented nucleus

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23
Q

what is a mast cell’s cytoplasm packed full of?

A

granules filled with histamine and other inflammatory mediators

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24
Q

what type of nucleus does a monocyte have?

A

Horse shoe-shaped nucleus

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25
Describe the contents of a monocyte.
Many pinocytic vesicles and lysosomal granules
26
Describe lysosomes importance.
Lysosomes contain peroxidase and acid hydrolases – important for killing phagocytosed microorganisms
27
what is the major function of macrophages?
disposal of microbes and | dead body cells through phagocytosis
28
Name the cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (macrophage like cells).
``` Blood- monocytes Liver- Kupffer cells Kidney- Mesangial cells Lungs- Alveolar macrophages Brain- microglial cells spleen/lymph nodes- sinus macrophages Peritoneal cavity - serial macrophages ```
29
Name 4 accessory cells and their functions.
-Platelets -involved in blood clotting and inflammation -Antigen presenting cells (APC) - present antigens to T cells -Mast cells-Structurally and functionally similar to basophils In connective tissues & close to mucosal surfaces -Endothelial cells- Receptors recognise certain lymphocytes - Control lymphocyte traffic and distribution
30
Describe the role of antigen presenting cells (APC).
APC takes up small fragments , signals to T cells and cause its activation , also activation of B cells and NK cells
31
what do APC produce?
cytokines and present antigens to T cells
32
what do lymphocytes play a role in?
Play a role in both cellular and humoral immunity
33
Where are lymphocytes found?
blood, lymph and specialised tissues
34
what is the name for long-lived lymphocytes ?
memory cells
35
what would removal of lymphocytes result In?
- Inability to produce antibody | - Inability to carry out cellular immunity
36
what do most lymphocytes in circulation look like?
Small volume | Large nucleus, little cytoplasm, few organelles
37
what is different about different types of lymphocytes?
Different functions, life histories, biology/biochemistry
38
Name the primary lymphoid organs.
thymus and bone marrow
39
Name the secondary lymphoid organs.
- waldeyers ring - bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue - lymph nodes - spleen - lymphoid nodules - mesenteric lymph nodes - peyer's patches - urogenital lymphoid tissue
40
where do all lymphocytes arise from?
in bone marrow from pluripotent stem cell
41
what is differentiation controlled by?
specific growth factors
42
Describe the further differentiation in primary lymphoid organs
- 25%- bone marrow - B cells - 60% - thymus - T cells - 15% - NK cells or large granular lymphocytes
43
what are used to study cell surfaces?
monoclonal antibodies
44
why are cell markers specific?
Highly specific for one antigenic determinant
45
what did their use in experiments with immune cells lead to?
development of a system of nomenclature = cluster of differential or CD system
46
what are the CD marker on the surface of Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, B cells, NK cell?
- Helper T cell - CD3, CD4 - Cytotoxic T cell- CD3, CD8 - B cell- CD19, CD20 - NK cell- CD16
47
what is each lymphocytes specific for and why?
- only one antigenic determinant | - has a specific antigen receptor on surface
48
why are lymphocytes specifically acquired in primary lymphoid organs?
for education to distinguish self/non-self
49
what is needed for B and T cells to function?
they need to be activated by meeting an antigen
50
How does activation of lymphocytes occur?
Occurs only on binding of antigen by antigen receptor
51
why do plasma cells have a lot of rough ER factories?
making Ig
52
what do activated Tc have?
-No rough ER -Have granules containing proteins involved in killing
53
What can activated Th cells do?
Develop ability to produce growth factors or | lymphokines
54
what happens as a result of the binding of antigen to lymphocytes antigen receptor?
clonal selection and expansion
55
what is the key to immunity?
clonal expansion which produces more activated cells and memory cells which gives a more rapid , more effective response
56
how do lymphocytes circulate through the body?
- blood | - lymphatics - drain all tissues and connect nodes
57
where do lymphocytes accumulate?
secondary lymphoid organs: - Lymph nodes - Spleen - MALT (Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue) - Tonsils, Peyer’s patches, lung, mouth etc
58
where does immune response occur?
-secondary lymphoid organs where lymphocytes and APC are brought together
59
what are phagocytic cells derived from monocytes in tissues roles in immune response?
- Phagocytosis, even clearing up dead neutrophils - Concentration of antigen - Processing/presentation antigen to T cells - Secretion growth factors, cytokines
60
where do macrophages migrate to?
sites where they cooperate with lymphocytes to increase Ag presentation
61
For immune response, what needs to cooperate?
- B cells, T cells and APC | - require cell-to-cell contact and secretion of cytokines

Immunuology (10 decks)

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