Cells of the innate immune system

Question 1

Eosinophils: abundancy, how they stain, granules, rxns, proteins produced

Answer 1

2-5% of white blood cells 
stain red-pink
granules: basic proteins, peroxidases, antimicrobial substances 
involved in EXTRACELLULAR digestion 
inflammatory mediators

Question 2

Mast cells are

Answer 2

tissue fixed

Question 3

basophils are

Answer 3

circulating in the blood

Question 4

mast/basophils play a role in what awful rxn?

Answer 4

anaphalactic rxns?

Question 5

Basophils stain

Answer 5

purple-black

Question 6

basophil granules contain

Answer 6

histamine, serotonin, heparin

cytokines, chemokines

Question 7

Macrophages do what

Answer 7

phagocytes and APCs

Question 8

In connective tissue macs are called

Answer 8

histocytes

Question 9

In the liver macs are called

Answer 9

kupfer cells

Question 10

in the alveolar cells they are called

Answer 10

alveolar macs

Question 11

in the CNS they are called

Answer 11

microglial cells

Question 12

Macrophage

1) produce and release: _____ enzymes
2) produce and release: _____ inflammatory mediators

Answer 12

1) lipases/galactosidases
2) cytokines/chemokines
3) ROI
4) NO

Question 13

NK cells

what causes them to destroy?
what are their targets?
What kind of Ag receptor?

Answer 13

1) they dont need prior stimulation
2) cancer cells, viral infected cells, transplant cells
3) no specific AG receptor

Question 14

What mechanism allows innate immunity to discriminate self/nonself?

Answer 14

PAMPs via PRRs

Question 15

PRRs: properties

Answer 15

recognize mannose-tails, essential property of surface molecules of bacteria and viruses

germ-line encoded (limited diversity)

nonclonal: identical on all cells

discriminate self/non-self

Question 16

TLRs do what “ultimately” ?

Answer 16

recognize PAMPs and activate inflammation

Question 17

TLRs do what specifically

Answer 17

they cause the formation of transcription factors

NF-kB and IRFs.

NF-KB –> acute inflammation
IRFs –> IFN alpha/beta

Question 18

TLRs—> MyD88 adaptor –>

Answer 18

IRAK enzymes –> TRAF (goes two ways)

                                  - ---> inactivation of IkB --> NFkB
                                  - ---> induction of MAPK kinases
                                  - ---> pro-inflammatory genes

Question 19

TLR-4

Sequence of events leading to cytokine production

Step 1

Answer 19

TLR-4, co-receptor CD14, MD2, and LPS form a complex

CD14 grabs LPS, whose tail interacts on MD2 on TLR-4

Question 20

TLR-4

Sequence of events leading to cytokine production

Step 2

Answer 20

TIR domain intracellularly binds to MyD88

MyD88’s death domain interacts with death domain of IRAK4

this causes TRAF-6 to bind IKK

IKK binds IkB, NF-kB

Question 21

TLR-4

Sequence of events leading to cytokine production

Step 3

Answer 21

NF-kB activates transcription of genes –> inflammation

Question 22

name all the proteins and their functions in TLR-4 LPS recognition

Answer 22

TLR-4

MD2- the bridge between TLR-4-MD2-LPS-CD14

Question 23

LPB

Answer 23

LPS binding protein in the blood

Question 24

TIR domain

Answer 24

Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase 4

domain on the cytoplasmic side of TLR -4

Question 25

IRAK-4

Answer 25

interleukin 1 receptor associated kinase 4

Question 26

IKK

Answer 26

I kappa B kinase

Question 27

how do PRRs work?

Answer 27

receptor recognizes pathogen, phagocytosis occurs, lysosome fuses with phagocyte, kills microbe interiorly, iNOS or phagocyte oxidase produces NO and ROS

Question 28

Complement: consists of ? what is their normal state? what happens during activation? what do the large fragments forms versus the small fragments?

Answer 28

1) serum proteins 2) soluble inactive precursors 3) they are cleaved 4) large form the membrane attack complex 5) small form a) chemoattractants b) anaphylatoxins c) opsonins

Question 29

the large fragment has two sites

Answer 29

enzyme site and attachment site

Question 30

what pathways does complement activation have

Answer 30

Classical: Ab mediated Alternative: Ab independent, microbial cell wall activating lectin: MBL binds microbial carbohydrates in the plasma CAL Alt-Mic-MBL

Question 31

what pathway forms MAC?

Answer 31

lytic pathway

Question 32

Classical PW overview C3--->

Answer 32

C3b, associates with C2a, which associate with C4b linked to a bacterium C3bC2aC4b = C5 convertase C5 Con. ---> C5 ---> C5b and C5a C5b + C6, 7, 8, 9 = MAC

Question 33

Acute phase proteins

Answer 33

circulating proteins, induced rapidly by cytokines after infection these include MBL and C-reactive protein (CRP)

Question 34

MBL

Answer 34

recognizes microbial carbohydrates, activates lectin pathway

Question 35

CRP

Answer 35

binds to phosphorylcholine on microbes and coats the microbes for phagocytosis by macrophages