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Animal Anatomy > Cells of the Nervous Tissue (4) > Flashcards

Cells of the Nervous Tissue (4) Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia

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3
Q

Divisions of PNS

A

somatic and autonomic nervous systems

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4
Q

Divisions of Autonomic nervous system (within PNS)

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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5
Q

sympathetic division

A

fight or flight; stress response; sickness, exercise, fear, etc.

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6
Q

parasympathetic division

A

calm and relaxed; rest and digest

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7
Q

nervous tissue

A

consists of neurons and their supporting cells

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8
Q

neurons

A

electrically excitable cells that transmit electric signals
- high metabolic rate
- conductive
- secretory
- long lived, amitotic

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9
Q

neuroglia (glial cells)

A

“helper cells”
surround and wrap neurons, scaffolding for neurons, segregate, insulate, guide new neurons to their connections, promote neuron health and growth

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10
Q

Astrocytes

A

star shapped body with projections; most abundant, cover capillaries; support, brace, anchor neurons to nutrient supply; guide migration; control chemical environment

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11
Q

Microglia

A

gobbles up everything that shouldn’t be there; small, ovoid cells with spiny processes; phagocytes, monitor neuron health; primary immunity in brain

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12
Q

Ependymal cells

A

line central brain and spinal cavities; produce cerebrospinal fluid

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13
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

branched cells, wrap around neuron axons in CNS - myelin sheath

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14
Q

schwann cells

A

maintain myeline sheath around PNS nerve cells

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15
Q

satellite cells

A

surround neuron cell bodies with ganglia

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16
Q

Types of neuroglia

A

astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells, satellite cells

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17
Q

Sensory (afferent) neurons

A

detect changes in body and environment; transmit info to CNS

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18
Q

Interneurons

A

between sensory and motor pathways in CNS; 90% of neurons; process, store, and retrieve info

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19
Q

motor (efferent) neurons

A

send signals to muscles and gland cells; organs that carry out responses are effectors (can remember bc efferent are carrying to effectors)

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20
Q

dendrites

A

receptive region - first stimulation processed here

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21
Q

soma

A

cell body, biosynthetic, receptive region

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22
Q

nissl bodies

A

similar to rough ER; clumps of ribosomes

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23
Q

Axon hillock

A

summing center of impulse

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24
Q

axon

A

long conducting process

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25
process
any arm like extensions - tracts in CNS - nerves in PNS
26
axon terminals
secretion of NT
27
resting membrane potential
potential difference across the plasma membrane
28
chemical gradient
ions flow high to low
29
electrical gradient
move to area of opposite charge
30
electrochemical gradient
electrical + chemical gradients
31
Passive or leakage ion channel
always open; move in direction would like to
32
chemically (ligand) gated ion channel
open with binding of specific neurotransmitter
33
mechanically gated ion channel
open and close due to physical deformation i.e. if stretch then open
34
volatage-gated ion channel
open and close in response to membrane potential -like have an internal voltmeter -in axon and axon hillock
35
graded potentials
only in sensory region (dendrites); short-lived localized changes on membrane potential; decrease with distance from site; magnitude varies with strength; can initiate action potential
36
excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
causes local depolarization (more +); inc membrane potential; in favor action potential
37
inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
causes local membrane hyperpolarization (more -); dec membrane potential; inhibits action potential
38
subthreshold
no summation
39
threshold charge
-55 mV
40
temporal summation
time based; small charges will add up if more frequent
41
spatial summation
close together in space
42
EPSP and IPSP
if together can cancel each other other
43
Action potential
short reversal of membrane potential; only generated by muscle cells and neurons; NO decrease in strength over distance -all or nothing response
44
What would cause an action potential to be propagated down an axon?
threshold of -55mV reached
45
nerve impulse
action potential in the axon
46
What are the phases of an action potential?
Stimulus, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, return to rest potential
47
AP: resting state
Na+ activation gate closed and K+ channels closed some leakage
48
AP: depolarization phase (cells more +)
Na+ gates open, K+ gates still closed becomes self generating as Na+ ions flowing in trigger next voltage gated channels
49
AP: repolarization phase (becoming more negative again)
Na+ inactivation gates close, K+ gates open
50
AP: hyperpolarization (too negative)
K+ gates remain open, excessive efflux of K+ Neuron insensitive to stimulus and depolarization to help keep nerve signals independent
51
After hyperpolarization...
sodium potasium pumps and ATPase work to get cell back to resting state (-70mV)
52
Absolute refractory period
time from opening of Na+ activation gates until closing of inactivation gates - prevents generation of AP ensures each AP separate enforces **one-way** transmission of nerve impulses
53
Relative refractory period
interval following absolute refractory period when: -Na+ gates closed -K+ gates open -repolarization is occurring threshold level elevated allowing strong stimuli to increase frequency of AP events
54
all-or-nothing phenomenon
AP occur completely or not at all
55
What can rate of impulse propagation be determined by?
Axon diameter myelin sheath presence
56
Rate of impulse will ______ with myelination
increase
57
myelination
fatty, white, segmented sheath around many long axons
58
function of myelination
protection, electrical insulation, increase speed of electrical impulse
59
nodes of ranvier
gaps in myelin sheath between adjacent Schwann cells
60
Schwann cells in unmyelineated axons
Schwann cells still associate with unmyelineated nerve fibers - surround but don't coil - protective coating
61
Saltatory conduction
myelinated axon current only passes at nodes of ranvier where voltate-gated Na+ channels are very concentrated AP triggered only at nodes and jump from node to node
62
saltatory conduction is ______ than conduction along unmyelinated axons
faster
63
what makes saltatory conduction fast?
densely packed Na+ channels at nodes of ranvier -Na+ really wants to rush in very quickly
64
presynaptic neuron
conducts impulses toward synapse
65
postsynaptic neuron
transmits impulses ways from synapse
66
Steps to the release of neurotransmitter
1. AP at axon terminal 2. AP opens voltage gared Ca++ channels 3. Ca++ enters cell 4. Ca++ binds calmodulin 5. Ca++-calmodulin activate PKA 6. PKA phosphorylates synapsin proteins 7. synapsin release vesicles from cytoskeleton
67
synaptic cleft
gap between axon of one neuron and dendrite of another
68
SNARE proteins
on vesicle and plasma membrane - entangle each other - force fusion - NT released
69
Synaptic delay
rate-limiting step of neural transmission (0.3-0.5 ms) Neurotransmiter released, diffuses across synapse, binds to receptors
70
Neurotransmitter fate
diffusion reuptake enzyme degradation
71
Why can't the neurotransmitter just stay forever?
so that it is possible to differentiate between signals

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