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Animal Anatomy > Neurotransmitters and Nervous System Tissues (5) > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters and Nervous System Tissues (5) Flashcards

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1
Q

4 Neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine, amino acids, monoamines, peptides

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2
Q

Amino acids

A

glutamate, GABA, glycine, etc.

many functions

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3
Q

Monoamines

A

serotonin, histamine, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, etc.

attention, cognition, emotion

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4
Q

Peptides

A

endorphin (opioids)

pain

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5
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A
  • released at neuromuscular junction
  • synthesized and enclosed in synaptic vesicles
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6
Q

What releases ACh?

A

-all neurons that stimulate skeletal muscle
-some neurons in autonomic nervous system

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7
Q

What degrades ACh?

A

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

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8
Q

Cholinergic synapse

A
  • Choline + acetyl Coa
  • combined by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) to form ACh
  • packaged into synaptic vesicle
  • exocytosed when AP reached axon terminal
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9
Q

Catecholamines

A

Start with tyrosine, turn to L-Dopa, turn to catecholamines:
- dopamine
- norepinephrine
- epinephrine

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10
Q

Norepinephrine and dopamine synthesized in __________

A

axonal terminals

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11
Q

Epinephrine is released by the ___________

A

adrenal medulla

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12
Q

Catecholamines: What determines the length of the biosyntheitc pathway?

A

enzymes present in the cell

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13
Q

sensation

A

awareness of changes in the environment (internal and external)

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14
Q

perception

A

conscious interpretation of stimuli

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15
Q

perceptual detection

A

detecting that a stimulus has occurred
i.e. stepped on a stick

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16
Q

magnitude estimation

A

how much of a stimulus is acting
i.e. does it hurt?

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17
Q

spatial discrimination

A

identifying the site or pattern stimulus
i.e. where does it hurt

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18
Q

why to receptive fields overlap?

A

to find exact location of sensation

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19
Q

Sensation in the PNS: Types of receptors

A

mechanoreceptors
- touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, itch
thermoreceptors
- temperature change
photoreceptors
- light response
chemoreceptors
- smell, taste, blood chemistry
nociceptors
- pain-causing stimuli

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20
Q

How is the spinal cord organized

A

into “tracts”
- afferent (ascending)
- efferent (effect)

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21
Q

Afferent

A

sensory pathways; travel toward brain

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22
Q

Efferent

A

motor pathways; travel away from brain

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23
Q

At spinal cord: information flows out through ________

A

dorsal root

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24
Q

At spinal cord: information flows in through ________

A

ventral root

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25
Alpha motor neurons
innervate skeletal muscle
26
reflex
rapid, predictable motor response to stimulus may... - be intrinsic or acquired - involve only peripheral nerves and the spinal cord - involve higher brain centers as well
27
5 components of reflex arc
1. receptor 2. sensory neuron 3. integration center 4. motor neuron 5. effector
28
muscle spindles
mechanoreceptors surrounding muscle fibers to tell brain where limbs are oriented
29
Steps to knee jerk (myotatic) reflex
quadriceps stretches - sensory pathway to spinal cord - EPSP to quad = contaction - IPSP to hamstring = relaxes response - leg pulled forward (brain also notified) happens so animal won't fall over
30
Golgi Tendon Organ
dendrites embedded in tendon stimulated with excessive tension - protects muscle from damaging force
31
tendon
attaches muscle to bone
32
Golgi tendon reflex (in every muscle)
protects muscles and tendons from damaging stressing forces - golgi tendon stretched - action potential to spinal cord
33
during a reflex the excitatory interneuron...
contracts opposing muscle
34
during a reflex the inhibitory neuron...
decreases contraction of muscle
35
Brain stem functions
- autonomic function - subconscious regulation - vegetative functions
36
Brain stem: medulla
origin of vagus nerves; motor nerve tracks cross over - respiration, heart rate, sneezing, swallowing
37
Brain stem: pons
sleep, respiration, swallowing, hearing, taste, posture, eye movement
38
Brain stem: midbrain
relay center
39
Thalamus
relays sensory signals, including motor signals, to the cerebral cortex, and the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness
40
Hypothalamus
endocrine regulator, ANS regulator; many functions
41
what regulates the pituitary and pineal glands?
hypothalamus
42
pituitary gland
releases many hormones
43
pineal gland
releases melatonin - regulates breeding season - through linkage to hypothalamus
44
Melatonin
produced in absence of light; retinal signals to hypothalamus; activated pineal gland - seasonal cylicity (sheep, horses, poultry, etc.)
45
cerebellum
sorts and processes signals to maintain balance, posture, and carry out our coordinated movement (coordinates flight in birds)
46
reticular formation
- maintains consciousness - sensation of pain - subconscious movements - filters stimuli from inside and outside body
47
limbic system
several structures; reacts to odors, emotions, memories, arousal
48
cerebral cortex
higher brain function, cognition, acquiring knowledge, complex though and behavior
49
central sulcus
divides brain into front and back
50
primary somatosensory cortex
caudal to central sulcus - neurons firing tells animal a specific body region is being stimulated
51
primary motor cortex
rostral to central sulcus - neurons firing tell skeletal muscles to move
52
premotor cortex (PMC)
conscious feedback
53
supplementary motor area (Supp MA)
coordinate vis past experience; learned responses
54
ANS: parasympathetic division
keeps body energy use low - rest and digest
55
ANS: sympathetic division
promotes adjustments during exercise - fight or flight
56
parasympathetic outflow
few cranial nerves most carried by vagus nerve some sacral nerves NT: mostly ACh
57
sympathetic outflow
thoracic and lumbar regions ganglia - collection on soma in the PNS NT at target organ: mostly epinephrine and norepinephrine
58
ANS Receptor: Cholinergic
bind ACh - muscarinic: stimulatory or inhibitory - nicotinic: always stimulatory
59
ANS Receptor: Adrenergic
effects of norepinephrine binding to - alpha receptors generally stimulatory - beta receptors generally inhibitory Exception: NE binding to beta receptors of the heart is stimulatory
60
Reduced calcium gives ______ muscle
relaxed
61
Increased calcium gives ______ muscle
contracted
62
review activation and deactivation of smooth muscle
last 2 slides lecture 5

Animal Anatomy (7 decks)

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