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Biology 1 > Cells + Organelles > Flashcards

Cells + Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

What is an organism?

A

A living thing

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2
Q

What are some characteristics of a living thing?

A

reproductive capacity
growth
movement
metabolism
responsiveness
organised structure
death

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3
Q

Are viruses considered living?

A

Generally, no

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4
Q

What is a domain?

A

A level of classification above Kingdom

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5
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Archaea, bacteria and eukarya

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6
Q

Which two domains are the most similar?

A

Archaea and eukarya

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7
Q

What kingdoms are in Eukarya?

A

Plantae, animalia, fungi and protista

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8
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

A celll lacking any membrane-bound organelles or a nucleus

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9
Q

What are all archaea and bacteria?

A

Prokaryotes

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10
Q

What is a eukaryote?

A

A cell with a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles

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11
Q

What is the size and complexity difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes are larger and more complex than prokaryotes

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12
Q

What are the three components of cell theory?

A

all organisms are made of one (unicellular) or more (multicellular) cells
new cells are formed by biogenesis (the division of pre-existing cells)
cells are the smallest organisational unit that a living thing can be

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13
Q

What is the difference between the plasma membrane of animal and archaea?

A

The archaea have uniquely structured membranes, able to maintain fluidity and permeability in extreme conditions. On the other hand, animalia membranes are selectively permeable but only in certain temperatures

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14
Q

Which cells have a cell wall?

A

all prokaryotes
fungi, plants and some protists

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15
Q

What are the cell walls of prokaryotes made of?

A

Murein: a mixture of proteins and carbohydrates

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16
Q

What are the cell walls of eukaryotes made of?

A

Mainly carbohydrates. Cellulose for plants. Chitin for fungi

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17
Q

Why have bacteria and archaea survived for so long?

A

Efficiency: Large SA:V ratio, so can replicate and metabolise quickly. All have a cell wall, offering extra protection. Can survive in a very diverse range of environments. Features that improve their resilience, such as flagella and pili

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18
Q

What are the features all cells have?

A

plasma membrane
cytoplasm
DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid)
ribosomes

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19
Q

How many cells do prokaryotes have?

A

Unicellular

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20
Q

Do prokaryotes have chlorophyll sometimes?

A

Yes

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21
Q

What is the prokaryote’s form of genetic information storage?

A

A single circular DNA chromosome (nucleoid/nuclear region)

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22
Q

What genetic information storage do some prokaryotes have?

A

Plasmids: extra-chromosomal loops of double-stranded DNA

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23
Q

What are some add-ons that prokaryotes might have?

A

Pili, flagella, plasmids, polysaccharide capsule

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24
Q

What can prokaryotes be classified as: gram _ or _?

A

Postive or negative

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25
Q

What is gram negative?

A

When bacteria are stained with a ‘gram’ stain and don’t absorb it. AKA they have a second lipid membrane around their capsule

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26
Q

What are archaea?

A

Prokaryotes found in extreme conditions, such as high temperatures

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27
Q

What are the conditions that some archaea can survive in?

A

High temps
Low temps
Upper atosmophere
Very alkaline
No Light
Petroleum
Very acidic
Very salty
Little to no oxygen
Very arid

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28
Q

What are bacteria cell walls made of?

A

Peptidoglycan (murein)

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29
Q

What do many bacteria have surrounding them?

A

Cell capsule, for protection

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30
Q

What are pili?

A

Small hair-like projections

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31
Q

What do pili do in bacteria?

A

Can be used to transfer DNA between bacteria, assist movement and attach to surfaces

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32
Q

What are pili called if they attach to things?

A

Fimbriae

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33
Q

Do all bacteria have pili?

A

No, many do though

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34
Q

What are the three types of bacteria?

A

Photosynthetic:
use sun to make energy
Chemosynthetic: use energy made by chemical reactions
Heterotrophic: get energy through eating

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35
Q

Do all bacteria have flagella?

A

No, but many do.

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36
Q

What do bacteria use flagella for?

A

Movement/locomotion

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37
Q

What is different about archaea membranes?

A

They are adapted to withstand extreme conditions, so are a different structure

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38
Q

What are archaea cell walls made of?

A

A different type of peptidoglycan

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39
Q

Where do eukaryotic cells store their DNA?

A

In the nucleus, organised in linear chromosomes

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40
Q

What domain are protists?

A

Eukarya

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41
Q

Are protists diverse?

A

Very

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42
Q

How many cells do protists usually have?

A

One (unicellular) or they exist in cell colonies

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43
Q

What are protists mainly?

A

Heterotrophic, but some are also autotrophic (make food from raw materials and chemical reactions)

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44
Q

What does ‘motile’ mean?

A

Capable of motion

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45
Q

What allows protists to often be motile?

A

Cilia (in paracecium)
Flagella (in euglena)
Pseudopodia (in amoeba)

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46
Q

What domain is fungi?

A

Eukarya

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47
Q

What trophic are fungi?

A

Heterotrophic

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48
Q

How many cells do fungi have?

A

Multicellular, apart from yeast

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49
Q

What can fungi look like?

A

Plants, but they don’t have chlorophyll

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50
Q

What are fungi cell walls made of?

A

Chitin

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51
Q

Do fungi have cell walls?

A

Yes

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52
Q

What characterises fungi?

A

Masses of hyphae (filamentous growth used for vegetation growth)

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53
Q

Where do animal cells exist?

A

As a part of multicellular organisms with specialised cells of many types

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54
Q

Do animal cells have cell walls?

A

no

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55
Q

Are bacteria a domain or a kingdom?

A

Domain

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56
Q

What trophic are animalia?

A

heterotrophic

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57
Q

What is something that animalia can do?

A

Alter their shape for engulfment of foreign material

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58
Q

What is something that animalia sometimes have?

A

Flagella, allowing them to move

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59
Q

What is an example of animalia with a flagellum?

A

Spermatozoan

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60
Q

What is the cell wall of plants made out of?

A

Cellulose

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61
Q

In what way do plant cells exist?

A

As a part of multicellular organisms/plants with specialised cells of many different types

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62
Q

What are plants typically?

A

Autrotrophic, photosynthetic cells with chlorophyll

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63
Q

Example of fungi

A

mushrooms

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64
Q

example of protist

A

amoeba

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65
Q

what is the size of a prokaryotic cell

A

1-10um

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66
Q

What is the size of a plant cell?

A

30-50um

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67
Q

What is the size of an animal cell?

A

10-20um

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68
Q

Where are ribosomes in prokaryotes?

A

Scattered in cytoplasm

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69
Q

Where are ribosomes in eukaryotes?

A

Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum or in cytoplasm

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70
Q

What does the plasma membrane do?

A

separate interior of the cell from the outside environment. controls what goes in and out. acts as boundary of cell

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71
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Gel-like contents of the cell. Consists of cytosol (fluid component) and all organelles from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane

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72
Q

What occurs in the cytoplasm?

A

Many cellular activities

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73
Q

Where is the cytoplasm located?

A

Between the nuclear membrane and and plasma membrane

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74
Q

What is the purpose of the cytoplasm?

A

Suspend organelles and gives structure. Also increases surface area

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75
Q

What is dissolved in the cytosol?

A

Ions, salt, organic molecules, more than 80% water

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76
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Organelles that make proteins

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77
Q

What is DNA?

A

genetic material that controls all activities in the cell. contains heridatory information

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78
Q

What do cells have in order to be efficient?

A

High SA:V ratio

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79
Q

How do organelles increase SA:V ratio

A

By having membranes

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80
Q

Why does having separate organelles help with?

A

Allowing different processes to occur at the same time with ideal conditions, increasing efficiency

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81
Q

What are the organelles shared by animal and plant cells?

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes, rough and smooth ER, golgi body, cell membrane, mitochondria, vacuole/vesicles, cytoskeleton

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82
Q

What do plant cells have that animal cells don’t?

A

Chloroplasts, cell walls and large vacuoles

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83
Q

Where do chemical reactions take place in the cell?

A

Cytosol

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84
Q

Which organelles have a double membrane?

A

Nucleus, mitochondia, chloroplasts

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85
Q

What is an effective way to transport matierals in and out of a cell?

A

Diffusion

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86
Q

What happens when cells become larger?

A

its sa:v ratio decreases. diffusion ceases to be an effectiven way to exchange materials with its environment

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87
Q

What is the controlling factor for cell size?

A

Effectiveness of diffusion

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88
Q

How do nutrients and wastes move across a cell surface?

A

Diffusion

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89
Q

What is the cell’s metabolism?

A

The chemical reactions that take place within a cell

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90
Q

What happens the SA:V ratio as the size of an object increase?

A

it decreases

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91
Q

What depends on the surface area?

A

The rate at whcih materials enter and leave the cell

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92
Q

What depends on volume?

A

The rate that materials are used or produced on the volume

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93
Q

Why is a high SA:V ratio important?

A

The surface area relates to how much material can enter a cell at one time. The volume relates to how much matieral is needed at one time, with the higher the volume, the more matieral needed to maintain it. A higher SA:V means more efficiency, improving the cell’s life. Larger cells have trouble exchanging materials at fast enough rates to sustain themselves

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94
Q

How did plants and animals overcome the restriction of cell size?

A

Becoming multicellular

95
Q

How do animals and plants increase their effective surface area, considering they have a lower SA:V for their entire organism compared to other organisms?

A

Many adaptations

96
Q

What are the ways to increase SA?

A
  1. Add compartments within the mebrane (organelles)
  2. Flatten the shape
  3. Add extensions of the plasma membrane (cilia)
  4. Add folds (e.g. cisternae in mitochondria)
97
Q

What is an organelle?

A

A specialised structure or compartment within a cell with a specific function. THere are memrane-bound and non-membrane-bound organelles

98
Q

What is compartmentalisation?

A

Separating the cells into different parts (organelles) to allow individual microclimates to be created thus each cell has the right conditions to perform effectively

99
Q

Where is the plasma membrane located?

A

around the cell

100
Q

What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

A

Porous, semi-fluid phospholipid bilayer

101
Q

Where is the plant cell wall located?

A

Around the plasma membrane

102
Q

What is a plant cell wall made of specifically?

A

Cellulose fibres with branched polysaccharides

103
Q

Function of plant cell wall

A

Maintain cell shape and prevent excess uptake of water

104
Q

What are the organelles involved in the synthesis and processing of lipids and proteins?

A

Nucleus, ribosomes, rough ER, smooth ER, lysosomes, golgi apparatus

105
Q

What are the organelles invovled in energy transformations?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

106
Q

How do ribosomes make proteins?

A

They attach to each other, and follow the mRNA’s instructions of which amino acids to use. They then put together these amino acids to make a protein

107
Q

Which organelles are involved in storage and cell structure?

A

Vacuole, plastids, cell wall, cytoskeleton, centrioles, cilia, flagella

108
Q

What is the nucleus enclosed in?

A

Porous double membrane

109
Q

Where is the nucleus?

A

In the cytoplasm

110
Q

What is inside the nucleus?

A

chromatin

111
Q

What is chromatin?

A

the genetic material of a cell

112
Q

Function of nucleus

A

regulates all activites of cell

113
Q

What do ribosomes do in the cytoplasm?

A

make cellular proteins

114
Q

What do ribosomes do in rough ER?

A

make proteins for secretion

115
Q

What are ribosomes make of?

A

Two ribosomal RNA subunits and protein. Not membrane bound

116
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

synthesis of polypeptides (proteins)

117
Q

Where is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Continuous in nuclear membrane and extends in cytoplasm

118
Q

What is the strucutre of the rough ER?

A

complex structure of membranous tubules studded by ribosomes

119
Q

Function of rough ER

A

transport of proteins

120
Q

What do the membranes do in the rough ER?

A

Pinch off into sacs called vesicles to transport proteins

121
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Part of the nucleus. A prominent strucutre

122
Q

Where is the smooth ER?

A

Part of cytoplasm

123
Q

What is the structure of the smooth ER?

A

system of membraneous tubules

124
Q

What is the structure of the smooth ER?

A

system of membraneous tubules

125
Q

Function of smooth ER

A

Synthesis of lipids, and transporting these lipids

126
Q

What lipids does the smooth ER synthesise?

A

Oils, phospholipids, steroids, plasma membrane

127
Q

What does synthesise mean?

A

Make chemical compounds by reacting simpler compounds

128
Q

Where is the Golgi Body located?

A

cytoplasm

129
Q

What is the structure of the Golgi Body?

A

A stack of flattened, unconnected membraneous sacs called cisternae

130
Q

What does the Golgi body do?

A

Modifies, packages and stores proteins and lipids received from ER

131
Q

What else does the Golgi Body do?

A

Exocytosis: transport of materials to the plasma membrane for export

132
Q

Where are lysosomes usually found?

A

Cytoplasm of animal cells (sometimes other ones as well)

133
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

Single membrane-bound sac containing lysozymes. Budd off Golgi Body

134
Q

Function of lysosomes

A

intracellular digestion of old/damaged things. releases things into cell to cause apoptosis

135
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

rod shaped organelles occuring in large numbers

136
Q

What in the mitochondria is extensively folded?

A

the inner layer, forming cristae

137
Q

Does mitochondria contain DNA?

A

some

138
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

site of aerobic respiration

139
Q

What is the membrane structure of a mitochondria?

A

Double.

140
Q

Where are plastids located?

A

cytoplasm of plant cells and some protists

141
Q

What are plastids?

A

Double membrane-bound organelles containing enzymes

142
Q

What are three types of plastids?

A

Chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts/amyloplasts

143
Q

Function of chloroplasts

A

Site of photosynthesis

144
Q

Function of chromoplasts

A

contain pigments that give colour to organism

145
Q

Function of leucoplasts

A

storage of starch and fats

146
Q

Where are chloroplasts located?

A

Cytoplasm of leaf and stem cells, some protists

147
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Specialised plastids containing chlorophyll. Inside, there are stacks of flattened sacs (thylakoids) which are stacked together in grana

148
Q

Do chloroplasts contain DNA?

A

some

149
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

Membrane-bound, liqui filled sac

150
Q

Function of vacuole

A

Provides turgour, stores water/inorganic molecules/sugars/amino acids

151
Q

How are food vacuoles formed in animal cells?

A

Phagocytosis of food particles

152
Q

What do contractile vacuoles in protists do?

A

Pump excess water from the cell

153
Q

Is the cytoskeleton in prokaryotic cells?

A

No

154
Q

Where is the cell’s cytoskeleton located?

A

The cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

155
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

3D structure made of microtubules (hollow, cylindrical tubes) made of tubulin and microfilaments made of the protein actin

156
Q

Purpose of cytoskeleton

A

Provide set of tracks for cell organelles to travel around, contract to change shape, provide structure

157
Q

Where are the centrioles located?

A

Cytoplasm of animal cells, as a part of the cytoskeleton

158
Q

What is a centrosome?

A

Two centrioles perpendicularly stacked

159
Q

Function of centrioles

A

Involved in mitosis and organising spindle formation during cell division

160
Q

What are some organelles unique to animal cells?

A

Lysosomes and centrioles (some in lower plant cells)

161
Q

What are some organelles specific to plant cells?

A

Chloroplast, central vacuole, cell wall, starch granule (amyloplast)

162
Q

What is each cilia or flagellum enclosed in?

A

Thin extension of a cell membrane, with fine protein filaments/microtubules

163
Q

Do bacteria have flagellum?

A

Some do, protruding through the cell wall for movement

164
Q

What are some features shared by plant and animal cells?

A

Nucleus, plasma membrane, ribosomes, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, ER, cytoskeleton, vesicles, vacuoles

165
Q

Main function of plasma membrane

A

Control exchange of molecules between cytoplasm and external environment

166
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

167
Q

What is the internal environment of a multicellular organism?

A

The extracellular fluid surround trhe cells

168
Q

What factors are regulated in the internal environment of a cell?

A

Temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, concentration of glucose, O2, CO2

169
Q

What is the permeability of the cell membrane?

A

Semi/partially/differentially/selective permeable

170
Q

What is the model that describes the phospholipid bilayer?

A

Fluid mosaic model

171
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A

The membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins and other molecules. These substances can move laterally

172
Q

What is a phospholipid containing?

A

Water soluble, hydrophilic, polar gylcerol head containing phosphate.

2 non-polar, insoluble, hydrophobic fatty acid tails

173
Q

What are the traits of fatty acid tails in a phospholipid bilayer?

A

Non-polar, insoluble, hydrophobic

174
Q

What are the traits of the head in a phospholipid bilayer?

A

Water soluble, hydrophilic, polar, glycerol-containing, phosphate

175
Q

How do the phospholipids line up when in contact with an aqueous solution?

A

With the heads facing the outside and tails on the inside

176
Q

What is an integral protein?

A

A protein embedded in the bilayer`

177
Q

What is a peripheral protein?

A

A protein just on one side of the phospholipid bilayer

178
Q

What is a transport protein?

A

An integral protein that allows proteins to pass through (carrier or channel)

179
Q

What is a receptor protein?

A

An integral protein that binds to other receptors. Might instruct cell to change behaviour

180
Q

What is a recognition protein?

A

A peripheral protein that attachs to glycoproteins that act as markers (antigens)

181
Q

What is an adhesion protein?

A

A peripheral protein that links cells together

182
Q

What are carbohydrate chains?

A

Linked to proteins (making glycoproteins) or lipids (making glycolipids). Involved in cell recognition and adhesion, and the recognition of antibodies/hormones/viruses

183
Q

Where are carbohydrate chains found?

A

On one side of cell, looks like branch

184
Q

Where are cholestrol molecules found?

A

Embedded in phospholipid bilayer, look like pills

185
Q

What are cholestrol molecules?

A

Molecules that provide stability and reduce permeability of water soluble molecules

186
Q

What is a transmembrane protein?

A

A protein that goes from one side to another in the phospholipid bilayer

187
Q

Two examples of passive transport

A

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

188
Q

Two examples of active transport

A

ion pumps, endocytosis

189
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (down a concentration gradient)

190
Q

Factors affecting diffusion

A

Concentration (greater the difference, faster diffusion)
Temperature (higher = faster)
Particle size (smaller = faster)

191
Q

Can water pass through the bilayer?

A

Yes, it can pass directly through because of its small size

192
Q

What is cell lysis?

A

The bursting of a cell due to osmosis

193
Q

What is haemolysis?

A

Cell lysis in blood cells

194
Q

What does a cell wall do to prevent lysis?

A

Stops the influx of water

195
Q

What is the role of a cell wall in preventing lysis?

A

Provides rigidity and wall pressure to counteract the influx of water

196
Q

What happens if a plant cell is hypotonic to its environment?

A

It becomes flaccid (soft) and the vacuole collapses

197
Q

What is crenation?

A

When an animal cell loses water to its environment

198
Q

What is plasmolysis?

A

When the vacuole becomes so flaccid that it shrinks away from the cell wall. Full plasmolysis is irreversible

199
Q

What does the term turgid refer to?

A

When a cell is swollen due to osmosis

200
Q

What can diffuse easily through the bilayer?

A

Water, oxygen, CO2, lipid soluble+ non-polar + uncharged molecules

201
Q

Which types of molecules cannot pass through the lipid bilayer without proteins?

A

Ions (charged), large polar molecules

202
Q

What is the permeability of a large polar molecule?

A

Not permeable

203
Q

What is an example of a large, polar molecule?

A

Amino acid, glucose

204
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Passive transport down a concentration graident, aided by a protein channel that increase sthe permeability of cellular membranes to ions/water/soluble/large molecules. No energy neeed

205
Q

What does a channel protein do?

A

Form narrow pathways (usually hydrophilic pores that small ions can diffuse through rapidly). only ions of a specific size and shape can pass through. they can open and close

206
Q

What does a carrier protein do?

A

Molecules bind to a specific carrier protein. This changes their shape and allowes the molecule to pass through. Once complete, OG shape is restored. In passive transport, no energy is needed. In active transport, ATP binds to a receptor on the protein. Then, it breaks off one of the bases, releasing the energy needed to trigger carrier protein to work

207
Q

What is the term for animal cells shrinking due to water loss?

A

Crenation

208
Q

What type of molecule is oxygen?

A

SMall, uncharged

209
Q

What is the permeability of small, uncharged molecules?

A

Permeable

210
Q

Example of small, uncharged molecule

A

Carbon dioxide

211
Q

What type of molecule is alcohol?

A

Lipid-soluble, non-polar molecule

212
Q

What is the permeability of lipid-soluble, non-polar molecules?

A

Permeable

213
Q

Examples of lipid-soluble, non-polar molecules

A

Alcohol, steroids, chloroform

214
Q

What type of molecule is water?

A

Small polar molecule

215
Q

Examples of small polar molecules

A

water and urea

216
Q

What is the permeability of a small polar molecule?

A

Permeable or semi-permeable

217
Q

What are examples of a small ions?

A

Potassium ion, sodium ion, chloride ion

218
Q

What is the permeability of small ions?

A

Non-permeable

219
Q

What type of molecule is an amino acid and glucose?

A

Large, polar, water-soluble molecule

220
Q

What is the permeability of large, polar, water-soluble molecules?

A

Non-permeable

221
Q

What direction is active transport?

A

From low concentration to high concentration

222
Q

What is active transport?

A

movement of molecules from a low conc to a high conc. requires ATP/energy.

223
Q

What is used in active transport?

A

Carrier proteins, sometimes called pumps

224
Q

How are carrier proteins activated in active transport?

A

ATP attaches to a receptor. When it breaks into ADP and a base, energy is released. This triggers the carrier protein to change shape, releasing the molecule on the other side of the membrane

225
Q

When is bulk transport used?

A

Moving large quantities of cells that are too big to fit through the carrier proteins

226
Q

What are the two types of bulk transport?

A

Endocytosis and exocytosis

227
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

the incorporation of substances from outside the cell into the cell, using a membrane-bound vesicle

228
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Endocytosis of solids

229
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Endocytosis of lipids

230
Q

What is the purpose of exocytosis?

A

Releases substances from the inside of the cell to the outside

231
Q

How does exocytosis occur?

A

The fusion of a vesicle membrane with the plasma membrane, releasing the contents to the outside of the cell

232
Q

What are the steps of endocystosis?

A
  1. Matierals are brought to the plasma membrane. Then, invagination of the plasma membrane engulfs these materials
  2. Vesicles bud off the plasma membrane
  3. The vesicles are carried into the cell
233
Q

What are the steps of exocytosis?

A

Vesicle carrying contents moves to the plasma membrane. Vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, releasing the contents to the outside of the cell

Biology 1 (10 decks)

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