Functioning Systems

Question 1

What do all organisms need to do to maintain life?

Answer 1

Take in nutrients and water, exchange gases, remove waste, obtain energy, reproduce, grow

Question 2

How do unicellular organisms maintain life?

Answer 2

Carrying out these essential processes within one cell

Question 3

What have multicellular organisms given up?

Answer 3

Independence. Now each cell serves a specific function and exist in a network

Question 4

What are the five levels of organisation in a multicellular organisms?

Answer 4

Specialised cells, tissues, organs, systems, organism

Question 5

What are specialised cells?

Answer 5

Cells with a specific function with unique structural adaptations that enable them to carry out these functions

Question 6

What are examples of specialised cells?

Answer 6

Muscle cells, red blood cells (animals), root hair and guard cells (plants)

Question 7

What is a tissue?

Answer 7

Groups of similar specialised systems working together to carry out a particular function

Question 8

What is an example of tissues in animals?

Answer 8

Muscle

Question 9

What is an example of tissues in plants?

Answer 9

Root tissues

Question 10

What are organs?

Answer 10

Consists of two or more tissues that work together to perform specialised tasks. Often has a distinct structure

Question 11

What are examples of organs in animals?

Answer 11

Heart, liver, lungs

Question 12

What are examples of organs in plants?

Answer 12

Flowers, leaves

Question 13

What are systems?

Answer 13

Organs that work together to form an organ system. They perform a vital task

Question 14

What is the vascular system in plants called?

Answer 14

Circulatory system

Question 15

What is the purpose of the vascular system in plants?

Answer 15

Gather water, transports gases (CO2 and oxygen), transport nutrients

Question 16

What are some examples of a plant with a vascular system?

Answer 16

Conifers, ferns, flowering plants

Question 17

Example of vascular plants systems

Answer 17

Specialised cells: root hair cells
Tissue: root tissue
Organ: root
System: Vascular bundles make up transport system
Organism: transport system makes up part of plant

Question 18

What do root hair cells (specialised cells)?

Answer 18

Absorb water from the soil. Their branched structure increases surface area; thus, capacity to absorb water and ions is increased.

Question 19

What type of cell is a stomata?

Answer 19

Specialised cells

Question 20

What is a stomata?

Answer 20

Tiny opening/pore in plant tissues that allow water vapour and oxygen out of the leaf, and carbon dioxide into the leaf.

Question 21

What is a guard cell?

Answer 21

Specialised cells that surround the stomata and function to open/close the stomatal pores

Question 22

What are the two types of tissues in vascular plants?

Answer 22

Phloem, xylem

Question 23

What is a vascular bundle?

Answer 23

One xylem and phloem. Most plants have multiple

Question 24

What is the basic structure for a vascular plants?

Answer 24

Leaves (photosynthesis)
Stem (support)
Roots (to absorb water and hook into the soil)

Question 25

What are the two major organs involved in the vascular system?

Answer 25

Leaves and roots

Question 26

Where does vascular tissue run through?

Answer 26

Those three organs structures

Question 27

What does vascular tissue transport?

Answer 27

Water and mineral ions obtained by soil by the roots. Sugars made in the leaves via photosynthesis

Question 28

What is the vascular tissue easily visible as?

Answer 28

Parallel and branching veins

Question 29

What does xylem transport?

Answer 29

Water and mineral ions

Question 30

What is the structure of the xylem?

Answer 30

Elongated, joined end to end to form tubes, rigid, contain pits in side ways to allow sideways movement of substances from neighbouring vessels

Question 31

Why does transpiration occur?

Answer 31

Heat from the sun breaks down bonds between water molecules, less choesive water molecules are evaporated through stomata, cohesion from nearby molecules remaining in leaves draws up water from nearby xylem vessels to replace losses. All of this drawing up of water creates pressure which further pulls up water through xylem

Question 32

What does transpiration allow the plants to do?

Answer 32

Cool down, absorb necessary water, transport minerals to leaves and fruit

Question 33

What is transpiration?

Answer 33

Passive movement of water

Question 34

What is phloem?

Answer 34

Tissue that transports organic solutes around the plant. The plant then uses and stores these sugars in its stem and roots. Therefore, the phloem must enable molecules to travel in more than one direction

Question 35

What is the structure of phloem tissue?

Answer 35

Elongated, forms linear rows known as sieve tubes, walls with pores/holes that form sieve plates. Sieve plates are associated with companion cells that contain a nucleus

Question 36

How does translocation occur?

Answer 36

Process: moving sugars from leaves to other tissues. Solutes move as phloem sap, which is pumped into companion cells (near sieve tubes). The sucrose moves into sieve tube cells. It can travel downwards or upwards