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Biology 1 > Functioning Systems > Flashcards

Functioning Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What do all organisms need to do to maintain life?

A

Take in nutrients and water, exchange gases, remove waste, obtain energy, reproduce, grow

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2
Q

How do unicellular organisms maintain life?

A

Carrying out these essential processes within one cell

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3
Q

What have multicellular organisms given up?

A

Independence. Now each cell serves a specific function and exist in a network

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4
Q

What are the five levels of organisation in a multicellular organisms?

A

Specialised cells, tissues, organs, systems, organism

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5
Q

What are specialised cells?

A

Cells with a specific function with unique structural adaptations that enable them to carry out these functions

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6
Q

What are examples of specialised cells?

A

Muscle cells, red blood cells (animals), root hair and guard cells (plants)

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7
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Groups of similar specialised systems working together to carry out a particular function

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8
Q

What is an example of tissues in animals?

A

Muscle

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9
Q

What is an example of tissues in plants?

A

Root tissues

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10
Q

What are organs?

A

Consists of two or more tissues that work together to perform specialised tasks. Often has a distinct structure

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11
Q

What are examples of organs in animals?

A

Heart, liver, lungs

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12
Q

What are examples of organs in plants?

A

Flowers, leaves

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13
Q

What are systems?

A

Organs that work together to form an organ system. They perform a vital task

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14
Q

What is the vascular system in plants called?

A

Circulatory system

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the vascular system in plants?

A

Gather water, transports gases (CO2 and oxygen), transport nutrients

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16
Q

What are some examples of a plant with a vascular system?

A

Conifers, ferns, flowering plants

17
Q

Example of vascular plants systems

A

Specialised cells: root hair cells
Tissue: root tissue
Organ: root
System: Vascular bundles make up transport system
Organism: transport system makes up part of plant

18
Q

What do root hair cells (specialised cells)?

A

Absorb water from the soil. Their branched structure increases surface area; thus, capacity to absorb water and ions is increased.

19
Q

What type of cell is a stomata?

A

Specialised cells

20
Q

What is a stomata?

A

Tiny opening/pore in plant tissues that allow water vapour and oxygen out of the leaf, and carbon dioxide into the leaf.

21
Q

What is a guard cell?

A

Specialised cells that surround the stomata and function to open/close the stomatal pores

22
Q

What are the two types of tissues in vascular plants?

A

Phloem, xylem

23
Q

What is a vascular bundle?

A

One xylem and phloem. Most plants have multiple

24
Q

What is the basic structure for a vascular plants?

A

Leaves (photosynthesis)
Stem (support)
Roots (to absorb water and hook into the soil)

25
Q

What are the two major organs involved in the vascular system?

A

Leaves and roots

26
Q

Where does vascular tissue run through?

A

Those three organs structures

27
Q

What does vascular tissue transport?

A

Water and mineral ions obtained by soil by the roots.
Sugars made in the leaves via photosynthesis

28
Q

What is the vascular tissue easily visible as?

A

Parallel and branching veins

29
Q

What does xylem transport?

A

Water and mineral ions

30
Q

What is the structure of the xylem?

A

Elongated, joined end to end to form tubes, rigid, contain pits in side ways to allow sideways movement of substances from neighbouring vessels

31
Q

Why does transpiration occur?

A

Heat from the sun breaks down bonds between water molecules, less choesive water molecules are evaporated through stomata, cohesion from nearby molecules remaining in leaves draws up water from nearby xylem vessels to replace losses. All of this drawing up of water creates pressure which further pulls up water through xylem

32
Q

What does transpiration allow the plants to do?

A

Cool down, absorb necessary water, transport minerals to leaves and fruit

33
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Passive movement of water

34
Q

What is phloem?

A

Tissue that transports organic solutes around the plant. The plant then uses and stores these sugars in its stem and roots. Therefore, the phloem must enable molecules to travel in more than one direction

35
Q

What is the structure of phloem tissue?

A

Elongated, forms linear rows known as sieve tubes, walls with pores/holes that form sieve plates. Sieve plates are associated with companion cells that contain a nucleus

36
Q

How does translocation occur?

A

Process: moving sugars from leaves to other tissues. Solutes move as phloem sap, which is pumped into companion cells (near sieve tubes). The sucrose moves into sieve tube cells. It can travel downwards or upwards

Biology 1 (10 decks)

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