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Cells & Studying cells Flashcards

(36 cards)

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1
Q

What is the function of Cell surface membrane? [2]

A
  • Made of a Phospholipid Bi-layer;
  • Controls what enters the cell/ is selectively permeable;
  • Can be folded to increase surface area;
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2
Q

What is the function of the Nucleus? [2]

A
  • Contains genetic material / DNA;
  • Controls cell activity;
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3
Q

Describe the structure and function of the nucleus. [5]

A

Structure

  • Nuclear envelope and pores OR Double membrane and pores;
  • Chromosomes/chromatin OR DNA with histones;
  • Nucleolus/nucleoli;

Function
* (Holds/stores) genetic information/material for polypeptides (production) OR (Is) code for polypeptides;
* DNA replication (occurs);
* Production of mRNA/tRNA OR Transcription (occurs);
* Production of rRNA/ribosomes;

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4
Q

What is the function of the Mitochondria? [2]

A
  • Site of aerobic respiration;
  • ATP production;
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5
Q

What is the function of Chloroplasts? [2]

A
  • Contain thylakoids, stacked into Granum;
  • Site of photosynthesis;
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6
Q

What is the function of Golgi Apparatus? [2]

A
  • Modifies/packages/sorts proteins;
  • Produces vesicles;
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7
Q

What is the function of Lysosomes? [2]

A
  • Contains hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes;
  • Digests worn out organelles/autolysis;
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8
Q

What is the function of the Ribsosomes?

A
  • Site of Protein synthesis;
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9
Q

What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic reticulum? [3]

A
  • Encrusted in Ribosomes;
  • Site of protein synthesis;
  • Transports and stores protein within the cell
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10
Q

What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Site of lipid synthesis;

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11
Q

What is the function of Cell Wall (plant)? [3]

A
  • Provides rigid shape / structure;
  • Stops osmotic lysis;
  • Made of cellulose
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12
Q

What is the function of the cell (permanent) vacuole (plants)?

A
  • Stores sugars/minerals/pigments
  • Support
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13
Q

Eukaryotic cells produce and release proteins. Outline the role of organelles in the production, transport and release of proteins from eukaryotic cells. [5]

A
  • DNA in nucleus is genetic code (for protein);
  • Ribosomes/rough endoplasmic reticulum produce (protein);
  • Mitochondria produce ATP (for protein synthesis);
  • Golgi apparatus package/modify; OR Carbohydrate added/glycoprotein produced by Golgi apparatus;
  • Vesicles transport OR Rough endoplasmic reticulum transports;
  • (Vesicles) fuse with cell(-surface) membrane;
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14
Q

What is the function of Cell Wall (bacteria)? [3]

A
  • Provides rigid shape / structure;
  • Stops osmotic lysis;
  • Contains murein / peptidoglycan (glycoprotein)
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15
Q

What is the function of a Plasmid? [2]

A
  • Circular DNA;
  • Contains antibiotic resistance genes;
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16
Q

What is the function of a Capsule?
Prokaryotes only

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A
  • Protects cell from (host) immune systems;
  • Aids bacteria sticking together /adhering to surfaces;
17
Q

What is the function of a Flagellum/flagella ?

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A

Allows movement/propulsion;

18
Q

Compare and contrast Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic DNA [5]

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A

Comparisons
* Nucleotide structure is identical;
* Nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bond;
* OR Deoxyribose joined to phosphate (in sugar, phosphate backbone);
* DNA in mitochondria / chloroplasts same / similar (structure) to DNA in prokaryotes;

Contrasts
* Eukaryotic DNA is longer;
* Eukaryotic DNA contain introns, prokaryotic DNA does not;
* Eukaryotic DNA is linear, prokaryotic DNA is circular;
* Eukaryotic DNA is associated with / bound to protein / histones, prokaryotic DNA is not;

19
Q

Compare and contrast Nuclear DNA and Chloroplast / Mitochondrial DNA [5]

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A

Comparisons
* Nucleotide structure is identical;
* Nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bond;
* OR Deoxyribose joined to phosphate (in sugar, phosphate backbone);

Contrasts
DNA within the nucleus:
* Is longer ;
* Contain introns, Chloroplast/MT DNA does not;
* Is linear, Chloroplast/MT DNA is circular;
* DNA is associated with / bound to protein / histones, Chloroplast/MT DNA is not;

20
Q

State three differences between DNA in the nucleus of a plant cell and DNA in a prokaryotic cell. [3]

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A

Plant v prokaryote

  • (Associated with) histones/proteins v no histones/proteins;
  • Linear v circular;
  • No plasmids v plasmids;
  • Introns v no introns;
  • Long(er) v short(er);
21
Q

The structure of a cholera bacterium is different from the structure of an epithelial cell from the small intestine.

Describe how the structure of a cholera bacterium is different. [5]

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A
  1. Cholera bacterium is prokaryote;
  2. Does not have a nucleus/nuclear envelope/ has DNA free in cytoplasm/has loop of DNA;

3 and 4 Any two from: [No membrane-bound organelles/no mitochondria / no golgi/no endoplasmic reticulum];
5 70s ribosomes only;
6 and 7 Any two from [Capsule/flagellum/plasmid / cell wall

22
Q

Where are 70s ribosomes found? [3]

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A
  • Prokaryotes
  • Mitochondia
  • Chloroplasts
23
Q

Name two structures found in all bacteria that are not found in plant cells. [2]

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A
  • Circular DNA (molecule in cytoplasm);
  • Murein cell wall OR Peptidoglycan cell wall OR Glycoprotein cell wall;
  • Small(er)/70s ribosomes (in cytoplasm);
24
Q

Outline the similarities in, and the differences between, the structures of chloroplasts and mitochondria. [5]

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A

Similarities

  1. Double membrane;
  2. Both contain (circular) DNA;
  3. Both contain ribosomes;

Differences

  1. Thylakoids/lamellae/grana v cristae;
  2. Stroma v matrix;
  3. Pigments v no pigments;
    Accept ‘chlorophyll v no chlorophyll’
  4. Starch grains v no starch grains;
25
Give the three structural features found in all virus particles and describe the function of one of these features. [2]
1. Genetic material, capsid and attachment protein; 2. Genetic material codes for (viral) protein OR Capsid protects the genetic material/RNA/DNA OR Attachment protein bind to receptors (on cell);
26
Explain why viruses are described as acellular and non-living. [2]
1. (Acellular) no cell(-surface) membrane OR Not made of cells; Accept have no organelles/cytoplasm 2. (Non-living) have no metabolism/metabolic reactions; OR Cannot (independently) move/respire/replicate/ excrete OR (Have) no nutrition;
27
Define genome and proteome. [2]
(**Genome**) 1. Complete set of genes in a cell OR (All) the DNA in a cell OR (All) the genes/alleles/genetic material in a cell OR The total number of DNA bases in a cell; Reject ‘all the DNA/genes within a species/population’ (**Proteome**) 2. (Full) range of proteins that a cell can produce OR (Full) range of proteins coded for by the cell’s DNA/genome;
28
Below are four statements about the structure of prokaryotic cells. 1. No prokaryotic cell has DNA that is associated with proteins. 2. No prokaryotic cell has membrane-bound organelles. 3. All prokaryotic cells have one or more flagella. 4. All prokaryotic cells have smaller ribosomes than eukaryotic cells. Which statements about the structure of prokaryotic cells are **correct**?
statements 1, 2 and 4
29
What is a virus?
* Acellular and non living * Consist of genetic material, a capsid and attachment proteins.
30
The resolution of an image obtained using an electron microscope is higher than the resolution of an image obtained using an optical microscope. Explain why.
* Shorter wavelength between electrons OR * Longer wavelength in light (rays);
31
Scientists use optical microscopes and transmission electron microscopes to investigate cell structure. Explain the advantages and limitations of using a TEM to investigate cell structure. [6]
**Advantages**: * Small objects can be seen; * TEM has high resolution; * **Electron** wavelength is shorter; **Limitations**: * Cannot look at living cells; * Must be in a vacuum; * Must cut section / thin specimen; * Preparation may create artefact;
32
Give one advantage of using a TEM rather than a SEM.
* Higher resolution; higher (maximum) magnification / higher detail (of image); **OR** * Allows internal details / structures within (cells) to be seen / cross section to be taken;
33
Give one advantage of using a SEM rather than a TEM.
* Thin sections do not need to be prepared / shows surface of specimen / can have 3-D images;
34
Scientists isolated mitochondria from liver cells. They broke the cells open in an ice-cold, buffered isotonic solution. Explain why the solution was: a) Isotonic b) Ice cold c) buffered [3]
a) **Isotonic** * Prevents osmosis / no (net) movement of water So organelle/named organelle does not burst/shrivel; b) **Ice cold** * Reduce/prevent enzyme activity so **organelles** are not digested / damaged; c) **buffered** * Maintain a constant pH so proteins do not denature;
35
Describe and explain how cell fractionation and centrifugation can be used to isolate mitochondria from a suspension of animal cells. [5]
* Cell **homogenisation** to break open cells and release organelles; * **Filter** to remove (large) **debris**/whole cells; * Use isotonic solution to prevent osmotic damage to mitochondria / organelles; * Keep cold to prevent/reduce damage to organelles by enzyme; * Use buffer to maintain pH **and** prevent protein/enzyme denaturation; * Use differential Centrifuge (at **high** **speed**/1000 g) to separate nuclei / cell fragments / **most dense** organelles; * **Re-spin** **supernatant** / solution after nuclei/pellet removed at **higher** **speed** to get mitochondria in pellet/at bottom; * Observe pellet with a microscope to identify mitochondria;
36
Contrast how an optical microscope and a transmission electron microscope work and contrast the limitations of their use when studying cells. [6]
1. TEM use electrons and optical use light; 2. TEM allows a greater resolution; 3. (So with TEM) smaller organelles / named cell structure can be observed OR greater detail in organelles / named cell structure can be observed; 4. TEM view only dead / dehydrated specimens and optical (can) view live specimens; 5. TEM does not show colour and optical (can); 6. TEM requires thinner specimens; 7. TEM requires a more complex/time consuming preparation; 8. TEM focuses using magnets and optical uses (glass) lenses;

Biology (7 decks)

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