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Human Biology ATAR 11 > Cells Test 1 > Flashcards

Cells Test 1 Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Human Biological Science

A

scientific study of humans, both as individuals and as populations and the study of the interaction between humans and their environment

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2
Q

Cell theory

A

cells are the building blocks that make up all living organisms

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3
Q

Cell membrane

A

structure that surrounds to cell and forms the outer boundary of the cell

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A

thick fluid that fills the inside of the cell and suspends structures within it

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5
Q

Organelles

A

structures suspened in cytoplasm that carry out particular functions

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6
Q

Cytosol

A

the liquid part of the cytoplasm

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7
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

internal scaffalding of protein fibres within the cytoplasm

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8
Q

Centrioles

A

The cylindrical structures that are involved in the reproduction of the cell

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9
Q

ER

A

The parallel membranes, which connect the cell membrane with the nuclear membrane. It provides a surface for chemical reactions to take place. The channels between the paired membranes are used for storage or transport. Smooth/agranular (no ribosomes), Rough/granular (ribosomes)

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10
Q

Ribosomes

A

Small spheres that join amino acids together to make proteins

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11
Q

Lysosomes

A

Small spheres that contain enzymes. It breaks down proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and some carbohydrates; breaks down unwanted substances.

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12
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic material; DNA

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13
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

Separates nucleus from cytoplasm

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14
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

The gaps in the nuclear membrane

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15
Q

Nucleolus

A

Contains RNA

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16
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

The jelly like substance where DNA and nucleus are stored

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17
Q

Mitochondira

A

Spherical or elongated structures that release energy for the cell through respiration

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18
Q

Golgi Body

A

Spherical or elongated structures that release energy for the cell through respiration

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19
Q

Tissue fluid

A

Is the immediate environment of a cell that surrounds it. This is also known as extracellular fluid

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20
Q

Homeostasis

A

Body systems that work together to make sure that the cellular environment is kept constant. Maintained at a constant temperature and concentration of fluids

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21
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

current model of cell membrane

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22
Q

Phospholipid

A

lipid molecules containing a phosphate group

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23
Q

Bilayer

A

two layers of phospholipid

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24
Q

Hyrdophilic

A

the head of the phospholipid (water-loving)

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25
Hydrophobic
the tail of the phospholipid (water-hating)
26
Phosopholipid Arrangement
head outside, tail inside
27
Channel Proteins
from channel through membrane to allow ions, water and molecules pass
28
Relationship between surface area and volume
As the volume decrease, surface area : volume ratio increases
29
Functions of a cell
- a physical barrier - regulation of the passage of materials - sensitivity - support
30
Membrane proteins
- receptor proteins - channel proteins - carrier proteins - cell-identity markers
31
Transport within cells
passive and active process
32
Differentially permeable
Allows certain ions and molecules to pass through, but restrict the movement of others.
33
Passive processes
cell's energy, which comes from respiration, does not have to be used
34
Active processes
requires the cell's energy for the transfer to occur
35
Diffusion
the spreading out of particles so that they are evenly distributes over the space available
36
Concerntration gradient or diffusion gradient
the difference in concerntration that brings about diffusion
37
Osmosis
the diffusion of water molecules through a differentially permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to lower water concentration
38
Osmotic Pressure
The pressure due to different concentrations on either side of differentially permeable membrane
39
Carrier-meditated transport
transport of ions/molecules across a cell membrane
40
Facilitated diffusion
carrier proteins assist the movement of substances through a cell membrane
41
Active Transport
Use of energy to move substances across a cell
42
Vesicular Transport
transport of materials into or out of a cell membrane in membrane-bound sacs
43
Vesicles
Membrane-bound sacs
44
Endocytosis
Cell takes in materials by enfolding/enclosing
45
Pinocytosis
taking in liquids into cell
46
Phagocytosis
taking in solid particles into cell
47
Exocytosis
Contents of vesicles are pushed out through membrane
48
Differentiation
unspecialised cells develop special characteristics to suit particular functions
49
Tissue
Group of cells that are similar in function and structure
50
Organ
Group of tissues working together
51
System
Group of organs working together in a common function
52
Organism
A living thing
53
Epithelium tissue
covering or lining tissue eg. lining of lung, stomach, intestine, heart,kidneys,mouth
54
Connective Tissue
provide support for the body and holds body parts together | eg. cartilage, blood in blood vessels, holds organs in positions, fat storage, bone, ligament
55
Muscular Tissue
skeletal - muscles in arms and legs involuntary - involuntary muscles cardiac - heart
56
Nervous Tissue
Made up of neurones | eg. brain, spinal cord
57
Metabolism
All the chemical reactions occurring in a living organism
58
Catabolism
Chemical reactions that break down large organic molecules into smaller ones, with release of energy
59
Anabolism/synthesis
Combining smaller molecules to make larger ones; requires energy
60
Organic compounds
contains carbon | carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
61
Inorganic compounds
doesn't contain carbon | water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, minerals
62
Enzymes
Proteins that allow chemical reactions to take place at normal body temperature
63
Activation energy
energy needed to get a chemical reaction started
64
Substrate
A molecule upon which enzymes act
65
Cellular respiration
organic molecules, taken in as foods, are broken down in the cells to release energy for the cell's activities. supplies energy
66
Chemical equation for cellular respiration
Glucose + Oxygen > CO2 + H20 + Energy | C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy
67
Glycosis
First phase of breaking down glucose
68
Anaerobic respiration
respiration without oxygen
69
Aerobic respiration
respiration requiring oxygen; 38 molecules
70
citric acid cycle
formation of two or more ATP molecules from the two pyruvic acid molecules
71
electron transport system
produce up to 34 molecules of ATP. from the product of one molecule of glucose
72
nutrients
``` any substance in foods that is used for growth, repair or maintaining of the body water carbohydrates lipids proteins minerals vitamins ```

Human Biology ATAR 11 (10 decks)

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