Reproduction (2)

Question 1

The Ovarian Cycle

Answer 1

The menstrual cycle is the regular natural changes that occurs in the uterus and ovaries that make pregnancy possible. The cycle is required for the production of ovocytes, and for the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy

Question 2

Menstruation

Answer 2

1-4 days

uterine bleeding, accompanied by shedding of the endometrium

Question 3

Preovulation

Answer 3

5-12 days

endometrial repair begins; development of ovarian follicle; uterine lining gradually thickens

Question 4

Ovulation

Answer 4

13-15 days

rupture of mature follicle; releasing egg

Question 5

Secretion

Answer 5

16-20 days
secretion of watery mucus by glands of endometrium, cervix and uterine tubes; movement and breakdown of unfertilised egg; development of corpus luteum

Question 6

Premenstration

Answer 6

21-28 days

degeneration of corpus lute; deterioration of endometrium

Question 7

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer 7

Target organ:
-seminiferous tubules of testes
-follicles of ovaries
Effect on hormone:
-production of sperm
-maturation of ovarian follicles

Question 8

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Answer 8

Target organ:
-corpus luteum
Effect on hormone:
-maintenance of corpus luteum during early stages of pregnancy

Question 9

Lactogenic hormone (prolactin)

Answer 9

Target organ:
-breasts
Effect on hormone:
-production of milk in activated glands

Question 10

Luteinising hormone (LH)

Answer 10

Target organ:
-interstitial cells of testes
-cells of ovaries
Effect on hormone:
-stimulates secretion of testosterone
-stimulates secretion of oestrogen and progesterone

Question 11

Oestrogen

Answer 11

Target organ:
-various
Effect on hormone:
-development of female reproductive system
-development of secondary sexual characteristics

Question 12

Oxytocin

Answer 12

Target organ:
-uterus
-breasts
Effect on hormone:
-stimulates contraction of smooth muscle
-promotes contraction of muscle cells surrounding breast lobules

Question 13

Progesterone

Answer 13

Target organ:
-uterus
-placenta
-breasts
Effect on hormone:
-maintenance of endometrium
-development and maintenance of placenta
-development of milk-secreting glands

Question 14

Testosterone

Answer 14

Target organ:
-various
Effect on hormone:
-development of male reproductive system
-development of secondary sexual characteristics

Question 15

Ultrasound

Answer 15

uses inaudible, high-frequency sound waves to produce an image of the foetus
probe placed on stomach - sound waves reflected

Question 16

Chromosome Analysis

Answer 16

chromosomes analysed to detect defective, missing or additional chromosomes
removal of 10-20mL of amniotic fluid to examine biochemical defects or abnormalities
RISK OF INFECTION, MISCARRIAGE OR DAMAGE TO BABY

Question 17

Fetoscopy

Answer 17

looking directly at the foetus through a small, telescope-like instrument
introduces into uterus through abdominal wall

Question 18

Foetal Blood Sampling

Answer 18

sample of foetal blood is extracted from umbilical cord using fine needle

Question 19

Foetal monitoring

Answer 19

regular recording of a baby’s heart rate

ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY - procedure for recording electrical changes in the heart

Question 20

biochemical analysis

Answer 20

assessment of marker proteins
PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU) - testing blood for excessive amounts of phenylalanine or by analysing urine for phenylpyruvic acid
concentration high when foetus has malformation of the spinal cord

Question 21

DNA probes

Answer 21

something

Question 22

In vitro Fertilisation (IVF)

Answer 22

procedure whereby an egg (or more than one egg) is retrieved from the body of a woman and combined with sperm outside the body to achieve fertilisation. If fertilisation is successful and the fertilised egg continues to develop to form an embryo, the embryo is subsequently transferred back into the uterus/ fallopian tube of a woman with the aim of achieving a pregnancy. If many embryos develop some of the surplus embryos may be frozen and used later

Question 23

Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer (GIFT)

Answer 23

Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), involves transferring eggs and sperm into the woman’s fallopian tube. Fertilization occurs in the woman’s body. Few practices offer GIFT as an option.

Question 24

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)

Answer 24

In ICSI, a single sperm is injected into a mature egg as opposed to “conventional” fertilization where the egg and sperm are placed in a petri dish together and the sperm fertilizes an egg on its own.

Question 25

ZIFT

Answer 25

Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) or tubal embryo transfer. This is similar to IVF. Fertilization occurs in the laboratory. Then the very young embryo is transferred to the fallopian tube instead of the uterus.

Question 26

Lactational amenorrhoea

Answer 26

DISADVANTAGE | relies on fully breastfeeding a child; effectively only with no menstruation and within first six months of birth

Question 27

condom

Answer 27

ADVANTAGE easy to buy; cheap; protects STIS DISADVANTAGE may affect spontaneity

Question 28

diaphragm

Answer 28

ADVANTAGE doesn't affect menstrual cycle; used during menstruation; inserted ahead of time DISADVANTAGE difficult/unpleasant to insert; spermicide must be used to improve reliability

Question 29

cervical cap

Answer 29

ADVANTAGE doesn't affect menstrual cycle; used during menstruation; inserted ahead of time DISADVANTAGE difficult/unpleasant to insert; spermicide must be used to improve reliability

Question 30

femidom

Answer 30

ADVANTAGE may be put in place long before intercourse; stronger than males; protection against STIs DISADVANTAGE placement needs practice; more expensive than males

Question 31

spermicides

Answer 31

ADVANTAGE easy to use DISADVATAGE unreliable on their own; no protection against STIs

Question 32

combined pill

Answer 32

ADVANTAGE reliable; regular periods; reduced incidence of ovarian/uterine cancer DISADVANTAGE regular prescription required; taken daily; side effects

Question 33

IUDS

Answer 33

ADVANTAGE effective; long lasting; easily reversed; once in place can be forgotten DISADVANTAGE must be inserted by doctor; can because pain and bleeding at menstruation; no protection against STI

Question 34

morning-after pill

Answer 34

``` ADVANTAGE useful when other methods failed; fairly effective; available over counter DISADVANTAGE no protection from STIs 72 hours from intercourse ```

Question 35

Mini pill

Answer 35

ADVANTAGE reliable if taken carefully DISADVANTAGE must be taken at same time every day

Question 36

Implanon

Answer 36

ADVANTAGE lasts 3 yrs; cheap; 100% effective DISADVANTAGE because menstural irregularities

Question 37

Depo-provera and depo-ralovera

Answer 37

ADVANTAGE effective; convenient; periods cease DISADVANTAGE injection cannot be reverse; delay in return to fertility when injections cease

Question 38

NuvaRing

Answer 38

ADVANTAGE daily pill not required DISADVANTAGE regular placement and removal required

Question 39

tubal ligation, essure and vasectomy

Answer 39

ADVANTAGE permanent DISADVANTAGE not easily reversed; no protection against STIs

Question 40

syphilis Syphilis is a sexually transmissible infection (STI) that can be easily treated. Syphilis may have no symptoms, so regular sexual health check-ups are recommended for people at risk. Currently, these include men who have sex with men, and people who have sex in countries where there are high rates of syphilis. Condoms and dams reduce the risk

Answer 40

SYMPTOMS may not be noticed; in the mouth, rectum or on the vagina or cervix is usually painless appears three to four weeks after infection – however, it can occur any time between one and 12 weeks after infection usually, the sore heals completely within four weeks a flat, red skin rash on the soles of the feet or palms of the hands, or it may cover the entire body. The rash is contagious and may mimic other common skin conditions such as measles. The diagnosis may be missed if a syphilis blood test is not done swollen lymph nodes non-specific symptoms and may include hair loss, pain in the joints or flu-like illness TREATMENT Penicillin CAUSES caused by a bacterium called Treponema pallidum. It can affect both men and women. Syphilis is transmitted through close skin-to-skin contact and is highly contagious when the syphilis sore (chancre) or rash is presen

Question 41

herpes

Answer 41

SYMPTOMS flu-like symptoms – such as feeling unwell, headaches and pains in the back and legs, with or without enlarged glands in the groin small blisters around the genitals – these break open to form shallow, painful ulcers, which scab over and heal after one to two weeks small cracks in the skin with or without an itch or tingling redness or a distinct rash that some people also have considerable pain and swelling in the genital area, and may have additional pain and difficulty passing urine TREATMENT no treatment salt baths ice packs to the affected area pain-relieving medication – such as paracetamol antiviral medication – such as Acyclovir, Famciclovir and Valaciclovir. These can reduce the severity of an episode if taken early enough (preferably as soon as you become aware of any symptoms appearing). Topical antivirals usually used for cold sores on the lips or face are not appropriate for use on the genitals CAUSES herpes simplex virus (HSV1 or HSV2). The virus can be spread during vaginal, oral or anal sex

Question 42

chlamydia Chlamydia is a sexually transmissible infection (STI) that can affect women and men. If left untreated, chlamydia can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women, which can lead to chronic pain and infertility. Chlamydia may have no symptoms. It can be easily treated with antibiotics

Answer 42

``` SYMPTOMS(WOMAN) an unusual vaginal discharge a burning feeling when urinating pain during sex bleeding or spotting between periods or bleeding after sex lower abdominal pain SYMPTOMS (MALE) discharge from the penis discomfort when urinating swollen and sore testes. TREATMENT antibiotics CAUSES bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis and is a very common ```

Question 43

HIV human immunodeficiency virus

Answer 43

SYMPTOMS flu-like symptoms extreme and constant tiredness fevers, chills and night sweats rapid weight loss for no known reason swollen lymph glands in the neck, underarm or groin area white spots or unusual marks in the mouth skin marks or bumps, either raised or flat, usually painless and purplish continuous coughing or a dry cough diarrhoea decreased appetite TREATMENT Medications for HIV offer many people the chance to control the virus and stay healthy for much longer. Treatment options have had a huge impact on the lives of people with HIV and those who care for them. They can reduce AIDS-related illnesses, admissions to hospital and death rates. Treatment has also enabled some people with HIV to go back to work and plan for the future. CAUSES

Question 44

gonorrhoea

Answer 44

dunno