cells, tissues and skin

Question 1

cytoplasms

Answer 1

contains the cellular organelles, dissolved proteins and nutrients

Question 2

nucleus

Answer 2

houses DNA which contain instructions for cell in particular protein synthesis

Question 3

ribosome

Answer 3

site of protein synthesis

Question 4

rough Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 4

proteins produced are packaged and exported out of cell

Question 5

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 5

synthesis of lipids, cholesterol and steroid based hormones, detoxification and storage of calcium ions

Question 6

golgi body

Answer 6

modify, concentrate and packages proteins and lipids

Question 7

mitochondria

Answer 7

cellular respiration releases energy in the form of ATP

Question 8

lysosomes

Answer 8

digest biological materials including protein and cell debris

Question 9

cytoskeleton

Answer 9

acts as cell bones, muscle and ligament. contracts for cell movements, resisting in pulling forces on cell and maintain shape and distribution of cellular organelles

Question 10

peripheral proteins

Answer 10

not embedded throughout the PM. PM support, enzymes o motor functions

Question 11

integral proteins

Answer 11

embedded in the PM. Acts as enzymes or receptors

channel proteins and carrier proteini

Question 12

osmosis

Answer 12

movement of water across PM. water can cross due to its size despite being lipid insoluble

Question 13

lipid soluble substances

Answer 13

oxygen, carbon dioxide, fats, alcohol, steroid hormones

Question 14

water soluble substances

Answer 14

water, ions and glucose

Question 15

isotonic

Answer 15

equilibrium, no change in cell volume

Question 16

hypertonic

Answer 16

shrivelled cell (crenate), water moves out

Question 17

hypotonic

Answer 17

water moves in, lyse/ burst

Question 18

potential energy

Answer 18

energy stored ready to be released and used to do work

Question 19

resting membrane potential

Answer 19

potential energy that exists across the PM resulting from separating oppositely changed ions by the PM

Question 20

ion concentration

Answer 20

ECF: higher conc of NA+ compared to ICF
ICF: higher conc of K+ compared to ECF
more K+ leakage channels

Question 21

maintaining RMP

Answer 21

active transport (carrier proteins) K/NA ATPase pump
stop ions from reaching eq
the pump takes out 3 NA ions and bring in 2 K ions

Question 22

nervous tissue

Answer 22

internal communication nervous tissue transmit electrical signals to regulate and control body functions

Question 23

muscle tissue

Answer 23

contracts to cause movements
3 types
skeletal- voluntary movement
cardiac- involuntary 
smooth- involuntary

Question 24

epithelial tissue

Answer 24

forms boundaries between different environments, protects, absorbs, secrete and filters. It is avascular( no blood vessels) gets nutrients from underlying connective tissue

Question 25

connective tissue

Answer 25

support, protects, binds other tissue together

Question 26

skin contains 4 primary tissues

Answer 26

epithelial tissue in epidermis connective tissue in dermis & hypodermis muscle tissue in arterioles nervous tissue in all layers of the skin

Question 27

skin major regions

Answer 27

epidermis- outer epithelial layer dermis- deep supporting layer of connective tissue hypodermis- subcutaneous layer of connective tissue and adipose tissue

Question 28

epidermis layers

Answer 28

``` stratum corneum stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basale ```

Question 29

functions of the skin

Answer 29

protection, sensation, metabolic function, excretion, blood reserve, temperature regulation

Question 30

tissue repair: regeneration

Answer 30

epidermal stem cells regenerate lost tissue

Question 31

: fibrosis

Answer 31

replaces dead tissue with scar tissue which doesn't have same qualities as tissue before injury

Question 32

stage 1 inflammation

Answer 32

damaged cells release inflammatory chemicals. blood vessels more permeable bring in macrophages. forms blood clot to stop blood loss, minimise fluid and loss of electrolytes clot dies and forms scab

Question 33

stage 2 organisation/ proliferation

Answer 33

blood clot replaced by granulation tissue= restore blood supply fibroblast produce collagen fibres that bridges gap macrophages engulf cell debris, blood clot & microorganism epithelial stem cells multiply & migrate over granulation tissue

Question 34

stage 3 maturation/ remodelling

Answer 34

blood vessels compressed so scar is avascular epithelial stem cell grow under scab and scab will fall off fibrosis for major wound

Question 35

treatment of full thickness burns

Answer 35

lack of: blood vessels to release inflammatory chemicals granulation tissue with capillaries to restore blood supply macrophages to clean area fibroblast to produce collagen fibres epidermal stem cells to regenerate epidermis therefore skin graft required