Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

NUR1447 > 📝 Cells, Tissues and Skin > Flashcards

📝 Cells, Tissues and Skin Flashcards

(85 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are features common to all cells?

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus (except RBC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

The watery space between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does cytoplasm contain?

A

Cytosol (ICF)
Organelles
Solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

The site of protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where are ribosomes found?

A

Cytoplasm
Attached to rER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the rough ER do?

A

Packages and exports the proteins produced by the attached ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the smooth ER do?

A

Synthesises lipids, cholesterol and steroid based hormones
Involved in detoxification
Stores calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the golgi apparatus do?

A

Modifies, concentrated and packages proteins and lipids for export

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

Digests biological material including proteins and cell debris and recycles molecules
Dispose of invading bacteria, viruses and toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do cilia do?

A

Sweep in a wave like manner to move material across the surface of them (i.e. respiratory tract)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do microvilli do?

A

They are tiny finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane that increase the surface area of the cell (i.e. interstines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the plasma membrane made up of?

A

Phospholipids
Carbohydrates
Cholesterol
Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are peripheral proteins?

A

Proteins that are not embedded in the membrane and can instead float free. The act as membrane support, enzymes or can have motor functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are integral proteins?

A

Embedded proteins that span the entire membrane that act as enzymes or receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the two classes of integral proteins?

A

Channel
Carrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two types of channel proteins?

A

Leakage
Gated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What type of molecules do channel proteins allow through?

A

Small, lipid-insoluble substances (Na+, K+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which type of integral protein changes shape to allow a molecule through?

A

Carrier protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What type of molecules do carrier proteins allow through?

A

Lipid insoluble molecules or substances too large to use channel proteins (i.e. glucose, amino acids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is diffusion?

A

the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What factors affect the rate of movement of molecules?

A

Concentration gradient
Size of substance
TemperatureW

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 4 types of transport across a membrane?

A

Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which type of transport requires energy (ATP)?

A

Active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What types of molecules can use simple diffusion?

A

Lipid soluble or very small susbtances (such as O2, CO2, fats, steroid hormones and alcohol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What types of molecules can use facilitated diffusion?
Large or lipid insoluble substances (like glucose, Na+ and K+
26
Which type(s) of transport follows the concentration gradient down?
Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis
27
What is the name of the channel protein that water can use?
Aquaporin
28
Which type(s) of transport goes against the concentration gradient ?
Active transport
29
What type of proteins does active transport use?
Carrier proteins
30
What type of transport does glucose use?
Facilitated diffusion (via carrier protein)
31
What happens to RBCs in a isotonic solution?
Cells retain their normal size and shape
32
What happens to RBCs in a hypertonic solution?
Cells lose water by osmosis and shrink (crenate)
33
What happens to RBCs in a hypotonic solution?
Cells take on water by osmosis until they become bloated and burst (lyse)
34
What is potential energy?
energy that is stored ready to be release and used to do work
35
What is resting membrane potential?
Potential energy/voltage that exists across the plasma membrane resulting from separating opposite charges by the plasma membrane
36
Is Na or K found in higher concentration outside the cell?
Na
37
Is Na or K found in higher concentration inside the cell?
K
38
How does Na get into a cell?
Facilitated diffusion via leakage channel
39
Does Na or K have more leakage channels in the plasma membrane?
K
40
Explain why the ECF is slightly more positive than the ICF?
Since there are more K channels than Na, K is able to leak out of the cell faster than Na can come in. Therefore, there is more positive molecules in the ECF than the ICF
41
How is the resting membrane potential maintained?
The active transport of ions using carrier protein called the Na/K ATPas pump to stop the ions reaching equilibrium
42
What is the average voltage of the resting membrane potential?
-70mV
43
What are the four primary tissue types?
Epithelium Connective Nervous Muscle
44
What are the three types of muscle?
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
45
What are the functions of the skin?
Protection Temperature regulation Excretion Metabolism Blood reservoir Sensation
46
How does epithelial tissue receive oxygen and nutrients?
Diffusion from connective tissue
47
What is the most abundant tissue type?
Connective tissue
48
What type of tissue is adipose tissue?
Connective
49
What type of tissue is bone?
Connective
50
What type of tissue is blood?
Connective
51
What is the major contributor to the structure of connective tissue?
The large amounts of extracellular matrix
52
What makes up the extracellular matrix?
Ground substance and protein fibers
53
What is the ground substance?
Unstructured material that fills space between cells and contains protein fibres
54
What are protein fibres?
Fibres that can have high tensile strength to resist twisting and pulling like Collagen or long and thin to allow stretch and recoil like elastic fibres
55
What are the specialised cells in the CT proper?
Fibroblasts and fibrocytes
56
What are the specialised cells in the cartilage?
Chondroblasts and chondrocytes
57
What are the specialised cells in the bone?
Osteoblasts and osteocytes
58
What are the specialised cells in the blood?
Haematopoietic stem cells and erythrocytes
59
What suffix do mature cells have?
'cyte'
60
What are the four types of connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper Cartilage Bone Blood
61
Which type of connective tissue includes adipose tissue?
Connective tissue proper
62
Does cartilage tissue have nervous or blood suply?
No, neither
63
How many of the primary tissue types are found in skin?
All four
64
Which part of the skin includes epithelial tissue?
Epidermis and dermis (glands)
65
Which part of the skin includes connective tissue?
Dermis and hypodermis
66
Which part of the skin includes muscle tissue?
Dermis (blood vessels and arrector pilli muscles)
67
Which part of the skin includes nervous tissue?
All layers
68
What are the three major layers of skin?
Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis
69
Which layer of skin is avascular?
Epidermis
70
What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis?
Stratum corneum
71
What is the most deep layer of the epidermis?
Stratum basale
72
Which later of the epidermis contains stem cells?
Stratum basale
73
What is cutaneous membrane?
Skin, exposed to air and is dry
74
What is mucous membranes?
Line body cavities that are open to the outside. Found in digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts. Considered wet due to secretions
75
What are serous membranes?
line closed ventral body cavities. Secretes a clear serous fluid to lubricate surface. Wet membranes that are not exposed to the outside
76
What are the three stages of tissue repair?
Inflammation Organisation (proliferation) Maturation (remodelling)
77
What is the function of the inflammation stage of wound repair?
prepares the wound for repair, eliminates invading microorganisms and removes debris and dead tissue
78
What is the function of the organisation stage of wound repair?
Extracellular matric synthesis including collagen and restore blood supply
79
What is the function of the maturation stage of wound repair?
Complete permanent skin repair by regeneration and fibrosis
80
What happens during the inflammation stage of wound repair?
Damaged cells release cytokines that cause inflammation which makes the blood vessels more permeable and attracts macrophages and platelets to the area. Macrophages engulf debris and platelets produce a blood clot
81
What happens during the inflammation stage of wound repair?
Macrophages break down the blood clot which is replaced by granulation tissue which is composed of capillaries, fibroblasts and macrophages. Epithelial stem cells multiply and migrate over the granulation tissue
82
What is the function of fibroblasts during wound repair?
Produce collagen fibers that bridge the gap
83
What happens during the maturation stage of wound repair?
Collagen pulls the wound together. Granulation tissue is replaced with scar tissue through fibrosis. If there are stem cells present, regeneration occurs where the epidermis is repaired to full function
84
How is scar tissue different to normal tissue?
Avascular, tough and no elasticity or flexibility. No hair, sweat or oil glands
85
What needs to be present for the epidermis to regenerate itself?
Stem cells

NUR1447 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions