Week 1: Skin and Wound Healing Flashcards
1. Identify the layers of the skin and the associated structures 2. List the functions of the skin 3. Describe the stages of wound healing 4. Discuss the implications of ageing skin on wound development and wound healing 5. Discuss healing processes: primary, secondary and delayed primary (tertiary) intention 6. Identify different types of wounds and their characteristics. 7. Outline methods used to classify wounds 8. Discuss nutritional requirements for wound healing (240 cards)
1
Q
Definition
The outermost layer of the skin, providing a protective barrier and composed of stratified squamous epithelial cells.
A
Define
Epidermis
2
Q
Definition
A type of chronic wound commonly found in individuals with diabetes, often on the feet or legs.
A
Define
Diabetic Ulcer:
3
Q
Definition
Damage to the skin caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, or radiation.
A
Define
Burn
4
Q
Definition
The phase where new tissue, including collagen and blood vessels, is formed to replace damaged tissue.
A
Define
Proliferation
5
Q
Define
Laceration
A
A tear or cut in the skin, often jagged or irregular.
6
Q
Define
Stratum Basale
A
The deepest layer of the epidermis, where new skin cells are produced and where melanocytes (cells that produce pigment) are found.
7
Q
Define
Puncture
A
A deep, narrow wound caused by a sharp object penetrating the skin.
8
Q
Abnormal growths or masses that may cause or be associated with skin wounds.
A
Tumors
9
Q
Definition
The outermost layer of the epidermis, consisting of dead, flattened cells that are continuously shed and replaced.
A
Define
Stratum Corneum
10
Q
Definition
Wounds that do not heal within the expected timeframe and often require specialized care.
A
Define
Chronic Wounds
11
Q
Define
Secondary Intention
A
Healing of a wound where edges are not approximated, leading to the formation of granulation tissue and more noticeable scarring.
12
Q
Definition
Healing of a wound where edges are closely approximated, resulting in minimal scarring.
A
Define
Primary Intention
13
Q
Define
Primary Intention
A
Healing of a wound where edges are closely approximated, resulting in minimal scarring.
14
Q
Definition
A deep, narrow wound caused by a sharp object penetrating the skin.
A
Define
Puncture
15
Q
Definition
Clean, straight cuts often caused by surgical instruments or sharp objects.
A
Define
Incisions
16
Q
Define
Acute Wounds
A
Wounds that heal in a predictable and timely manner, typically following the normal stages of healing.
17
Q
Define
Papillary Layer
A
The upper layer of the dermis, characterized by loose connective tissue and providing nutrients to the epidermis through its capillaries.
18
Q
Define
Dermis
A
The layer of skin beneath the epidermis, containing connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and appendages such as hair follicles and sweat glands.
19
Q
Definition
Wounds that heal in a predictable and timely manner, typically following the normal stages of healing.
A
Define
Acute Wounds
20
Q
Define
Incisions
A
Clean, straight cuts often caused by surgical instruments or sharp objects.
21
Q
Definition
A combination where a wound is initially left open to allow for infection control and then closed later to promote healing with less risk of complications.
A
Define
Delayed Primary (Tertiary) Intention
22
Q
Definition
A wound caused by scraping or rubbing, typically affecting only the outer layer of skin.
A
Define
Abrasion
23
Q
Definition
A tear or cut in the skin, often jagged or irregular.
A
Define
Laceration
24
Q
Define
Superficial Wounds
A
Wounds that involve only the outer layers of skin.
25
# Define
Stratum Corneum
The outermost layer of the epidermis, consisting of dead, flattened cells that are continuously shed and replaced.
26
# Definition
Healing of a wound where edges are not approximated, leading to the formation of granulation tissue and more noticeable scarring.
# Define
Secondary Intention
27
# Define
Stratum Lucidum
A thin, clear layer found only in thick skin (such as the palms and soles), providing an additional layer of protection
28
# Define
Full Thickness Wounds
Wounds that extend through the entire dermis and may involve subcutaneous tissue or deeper structures.
29
# Definition
The final phase where the wound matures and strengthens, with collagen fibers reorganizing and tissue gaining strength and elasticity.
# Define
Maturation (Remodeling)
30
# Definition
A thin, clear layer found only in thick skin (such as the palms and soles), providing an additional layer of protection
# Define
Stratum Lucidum
31
# Definition
The deeper layer of the dermis, composed of dense irregular connective tissue, providing structural support and elasticity.
# Define
Reticular Layer
32
# Define
Abrasion
A wound caused by scraping or rubbing, typically affecting only the outer layer of skin.
33
# Define
Partial Thickness Wounds
Wounds that extend through the epidermis and into the dermis but do not reach deeper structures.
34
# Define
Stratum Granulosum
A layer of the epidermis where cells begin to die and accumulate granules that contribute to the formation of the skin’s waterproof barrier.
35
# Define
Hemostasis
The initial phase where bleeding is controlled through clot formation and vasoconstriction.
36
# Define
Maturation (Remodeling)
The final phase where the wound matures and strengthens, with collagen fibers reorganizing and tissue gaining strength and elasticity.
37
# Definition
Wounds that extend through the epidermis and into the dermis but do not reach deeper structures.
# Define
Partial Thickness Wounds
38
# Definition
The upper layer of the dermis, characterized by loose connective tissue and providing nutrients to the epidermis through its capillaries.
# Define
Papillary Layer
39
# Definition
The deepest layer of the epidermis, where new skin cells are produced and where melanocytes (cells that produce pigment) are found.
# Define
Stratum Basale
40
# Define
Pressure Ulcer
A sore that develops from prolonged pressure on the skin, often over bony areas.
41
# Definition
The initial phase where bleeding is controlled through clot formation and vasoconstriction.
# Define
Hemostasis
42
# Define
Epidermis
The outermost layer of the skin, providing a protective barrier and composed of stratified squamous epithelial cells.
43
# Definition
A layer of the epidermis where cells begin to die and accumulate granules that contribute to the formation of the skin’s waterproof barrier.
# Define
Stratum Granulosum
44
# Definition
The layer of skin beneath the epidermis, containing connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and appendages such as hair follicles and sweat glands.
# Define
Dermis
45
# Definition
A sore that develops from prolonged pressure on the skin, often over bony areas.
# Define
Pressure Ulcer
46
# Define
Proliferation
The phase where new tissue, including collagen and blood vessels, is formed to replace damaged tissue.
47
# Definition
Wounds that extend through the entire dermis and may involve subcutaneous tissue or deeper structures.
# Define
Full Thickness Wounds
48
# Define
Contusions
Bruises resulting from blunt trauma, causing damage to underlying tissues without breaking the skin.
49
# Define
Reticular Layer
The deeper layer of the dermis, composed of dense irregular connective tissue, providing structural support and elasticity.
50
# Definition
The stage where the body responds to injury with redness, heat, swelling, and pain to prevent infection and clear debris.
# Define
Inflammation
51
# Definition
The layer of the epidermis where cells begin to become more polygonal and interconnected, providing structural strength.
# Define
Stratum Spinosum
52
# Define
Burn
Damage to the skin caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, or radiation.
53
# Definition
Wounds that involve only the outer layers of skin.
# Define
Superficial Wounds
54
# Define
Stratum Spinosum
The layer of the epidermis where cells begin to become more polygonal and interconnected, providing structural strength.
55
# Define
Inflammation
The stage where the body responds to injury with redness, heat, swelling, and pain to prevent infection and clear debris.
56
# Definition
Bruises resulting from blunt trauma, causing damage to underlying tissues without breaking the skin.
# Define
Contusions
57
# Definition
The layer of tissue below the dermis, consisting of loose connective tissue and fat, which provides insulation and cushioning.
# Define
Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer)
58
# Define
Delayed Primary (Tertiary) Intention
A combination where a wound is initially left open to allow for infection control and then closed later to promote healing with less risk of complications.
59
# Define
Tumors
Abnormal growths or masses that may cause or be associated with skin wounds.
60
# Define
Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer)
The layer of tissue below the dermis, consisting of loose connective tissue and fat, which provides insulation and cushioning.
61
# Define
Diabetic Ulcer:
A type of chronic wound commonly found in individuals with diabetes, often on the feet or legs.
62
# Define
Chronic Wounds
Wounds that do not heal within the expected timeframe and often require specialized care.
63
What is the outermost layer of the skin?
Answer: Stratum Corneum
64
Which skin layer is only present in thick skin like the palms and soles?
Answer: Stratum Lucidum
65
In which layer of the epidermis do keratinocytes begin to form a waterproof barrier?
Answer: Stratum Granulosum
66
What is the primary function of the Stratum Spinosum?
Answer: Provides structural integrity and contains Langerhans cells for immune response.
67
Which layer of the epidermis contains melanocytes and Merkel cells?
Answer: Stratum Basale
68
What is the primary tissue type found in the Papillary Layer of the dermis?
Answer: Loose connective tissue
69
Which layer of the dermis contains hair follicles and sweat glands?
Answer: Reticular Layer
70
What type of tissue makes up the Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer)?
Answer: Adipose tissue and connective tissue
71
How does the skin contribute to thermoregulation?
Answer: Through sweat production and blood vessel dilation/constriction.
72
Which function of the skin is related to removing waste products?
Answer: Excretion
73
What type of cells in the skin are involved in immune defense?
Answer: Langerhans cells
74
What is the immediate response to injury called?
Answer: Hemostasis
75
During which phase of wound healing do white blood cells remove debris and bacteria?
Answer: Inflammation
76
What phase involves the formation of granulation tissue?
Answer: Proliferation
77
Which phase of wound healing involves collagen remodeling and tissue strengthening?
Answer: Maturation (Remodeling)
78
What effect does reduced collagen production have on wound healing in older adults?
Answer: Slower repair and less strength in healed tissue.
79
How does decreased elasticity affect aging skin?
Answer: Increases the risk of skin tears and pressure ulcers.
80
What happens to the epidermis as we age?
Answer: It becomes thinner, making it more prone to injury and slower to regenerate.
81
How does impaired immune function affect wound healing in older adults?
Answer: Increases susceptibility to infections.
82
What impact does reduced blood supply have on aging skin?
Answer: Slows the delivery of nutrients and oxygen to the wound site.
83
What is the method of healing where the edges of a clean wound are brought together?
Answer: Primary Intention
84
Which healing process involves the wound healing naturally from the bottom up, resulting in larger scar tissue?
Answer: Secondary Intention
85
What is the term for a wound initially left open due to contamination, then closed surgically after risk is minimized?
Answer: Delayed Primary (Tertiary) Intention
86
What is an abrasion?
Answer: A superficial wound caused by friction, usually involving the epidermis.
87
What type of wound is caused by a sharp object and has a high risk of infection?
Answer: Puncture
88
Which type of wound is characterized by an irregular tear-like injury caused by blunt trauma?
Answer: Laceration
89
How is a burn classified?
Answer: By depth (superficial, partial-thickness, full-thickness)
90
What causes a pressure ulcer?
Answer: Prolonged pressure, often over bony prominences.
91
What is a diabetic ulcer and why does it occur?
Answer: An ulcer that occurs in diabetic patients due to neuropathy and poor circulation.
92
Which nutrient is essential for collagen synthesis and immune function?
Answer: Vitamin C
93
What role does protein play in wound healing?
Answer: Essential for tissue repair and immune function.
94
Which mineral is important for protein synthesis, cell proliferation, and immune function?
Answer: Zinc
95
Why is vitamin A important for wound healing?
Answer: It is crucial for epithelialization and immune function.
96
What function does iron serve in the healing process?
Answer: Necessary for oxygen transport and collagen synthesis.
97
Why are carbohydrates and fats important in wound healing?
Answer: They provide energy for the healing process.
98
What is the largest organ in the body?
Answer: The skin
99
What percentage of the body’s weight is made up by the skin?
Answer: Approximately 15%
100
What are the epidermal appendages found in the skin?
Answer: Hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands
101
Name the three main layers of the skin.
Answer: Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)
102
What type of cells predominantly make up the epidermis?
Answer: Epithelial cells
103
Why is the epidermis considered avascular?
Answer: It does not have a blood supply; nutrients and oxygen are diffused from the dermis.
104
What happens to epidermal cells as they move closer to the surface?
Answer: They lose their nuclei and eventually become dead cells.
105
Where do new epidermal cells originate?
Answer: From stem cells in the stratum basale.
106
What is the role of melanocytes in the stratum basale?
Answer: They determine skin color (darkness).
107
Which cells in the epidermis assist in touch sensation?
Answer: Merkel cells and Meissner's corpuscles
108
What is the function of Langerhans cells in the stratum spinosum?
Answer: They activate lymphocytes in response to antigens and protect against infections.
109
What forms the acid mantle in the stratum corneum?
Answer: Dead cells that protect against fungi, bacteria, abrasion, dehydration, and penetration.
110
Name the two sub-layers of the dermis.
Answer: The reticular layer and the papillary layer
111
What is the primary composition of the reticular layer?
Answer: Collagen and reticular fibers
112
What is the role of fibroblasts in the dermis?
Answer: They produce collagen and elastin, providing strength and elasticity.
113
What feature of the papillary layer enhances nutrient supply and waste removal?
Answer: Finger-like projections that interlink with the epidermis
114
How do macrophages in the dermis contribute to skin health?
Answer: They are part of the immune system and help fight infections.
115
List some appendages that project from the dermal layer.
Answer: Hair, sebaceous glands, nails, sweat glands
116
What is the primary composition of the hypodermis?
Answer: Adipose tissue
117
How does the thickness of the hypodermis vary between males and females?
Answer: Contributes 20-25% of body weight in females and 15-20% in males.
118
What are the main functions of the hypodermis?
Answer: Anchors the skin to underlying muscles and bones, stores fat, provides cushioning, and acts as an insulator.
119
What is the primary function of the skin?
Protection
120
How does the skin contribute to thermoregulation?
Answer: Through sweat production and blood vessel dilation/constriction.
121
Which function of the skin involves sensory receptors for touch, pain, temperature, and pressure?
Sensation
122
What role does the skin play in metabolism?
Answer: It synthesizes vitamin D upon exposure to UV radiation.
123
How does the skin act as a reservoir?
Answer: By storing nutrients and water.
124
What function of the skin involves the removal of waste products?
Excretion
125
What layer of the skin is responsible for providing nutrients to the epidermis?
dermis
126
Which layer of the skin is involved in anchoring the skin to underlying structures?
Answer: The hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)
127
What is the primary role of the papillary layer in the dermis?
Answer: To optimize nutrient supply and waste removal by increasing the surface area for exchange with the epidermis.
128
What are the projections called that extend from the epidermis into the dermis?
Answer: Rete ridges or pegs
129
What do the papillae in the dermis project into?
Answer: The epidermis
130
What is the function of the rete ridges and papillae in the skin?
Answer: They provide an anchor, preventing the epidermis and dermis from sliding against each other.
131
How does the epidermal/dermal junction contribute to skin integrity?
Answer: By interlocking the epidermis and dermis, which prevents them from sliding apart.
132
What happens to the epidermal/dermal attachment during scar tissue formation?
Answer: The attachment is damaged, leading to less effective anchoring and potentially resulting in weaker skin structure.
133
What impact does scar tissue formation have on wound healing?
Answer: Scar tissue formation can impair the integrity and function of the skin, leading to a less effective barrier and potential changes in skin elasticity.
134
What does a partial-thickness wound affect that a superficial wound does not?
Answer: The dermis, in addition to the epidermis.
135
What is a wound?
Answer: An injury to the integument or underlying structures that may or may not result in the loss of skin, impairing the physiological function of the tissue.
136
Why is identifying the etiology of a wound important?
Answer: It is vital for accurately classifying the wound and creating an appropriate treatment plan.
137
What defines an acute wound?
Answer: Wounds that heal within a normal time frame and can be surgical or non-surgical.
138
How long do chronic wounds typically persist?
Answer: Longer than six weeks.
139
What type of wound involves only the epidermis?
Answer: Superficial wound.
140
Which wound type progresses into the dermis?
Answer: Partial thickness wound.
141
What is involved in a full thickness wound?
Answer: Subcutaneous tissue and may extend into underlying structures such as muscle, tendon, or bone.
142
What is location-based classification of wounds?
Answer: Classification of wounds based on their location, such as leg ulcers or diabetic foot ulcers.
143
What are penetrating wounds?
Answer: Wounds caused by penetration injuries that extend through more than one surface layer of the skin.
144
What is the difference between clean and contaminated wounds?
Answer: Clean wounds are usually surgically created and do not penetrate organs; contaminated wounds result from accidental injuries or surgical procedures with gross spillage from the GI tract.
145
Describe a contusion.
Answer: A wound resulting from a blow or blunt object, leading to swelling, bruising, discoloration, and pain.
146
What happens in an abrasion?
Answer: The surface of the skin is scraped or rubbed, removing one or several layers, typically resulting in a superficial wound that heals quickly.
147
What characterizes an incision?
Answer: Clean edges, usually made by a sharp instrument, resulting in minimal tissue damage and typically healing quickly.
148
What is a laceration?
Answer: A wound with jagged edges caused by blunt force trauma, resulting in tissue ridging.
149
Describe a puncture wound.
Answer: A deep wound caused by a sharp, pointed object like a nail, with a small skin opening that may not bleed but can easily become infected.
150
What distinguishes a penetrating wound from other types?
Answer: It extends through more than one surface layer of the skin, affecting deep tissue and possibly internal organs.
151
What are the classifications of burns?
Answer: Superficial, partial thickness, and full thickness.
152
How do fractures relate to wound classification?
Answer: Broken bones can penetrate the skin surface, causing damage to all layers and underlying structures.
153
What are ulcers?
Answer: Open wounds caused by a break in the skin that fails to heal properly, typically chronic and lasting longer than six weeks.
154
What are tumors in the context of wounds?
Answer: Masses of abnormal tissue that arise from pre-existing body cells, characterized by unrestrained growth and no purposeful function.
155
What is an open wound?
Answer: A wound where the skin has been penetrated, providing a portal of entry for microorganisms.
156
What defines a closed wound?
Answer: The skin remains intact, but there may be soft tissue damage, internal injury, and possible bleeding. An example is a contusion.
157
What are the three main stages of wound healing?
Answer: Inflammation (and haemostasis), Proliferation (reconstruction), Maturation.
158
How do the stages of wound healing relate to each other?
Answer: The phases overlap and their time intervals vary.
159
How long does the inflammatory phase last?
Answer: 2-5 days.
160
What is the primary goal of haemostasis in wound healing?
Answer: To form a clot that facilitates the healing process and prevent excessive blood loss.
161
What role does histamine play during the inflammatory phase?
Answer: It causes vasodilation of surrounding tissue to facilitate the influx of leukocytes, erythrocytes, and plasma proteins into the wound.
162
Name the classic signs of inflammation observed during this phase.
Answer: Erythema (redness), oedema (swelling), heat, and pain.
163
What is the role of neutrophils, monocyte-macrophages, and T-lymphocytes in wound healing?
Answer: They protect against bacterial invasion, remove dead tissue and bacteria through phagocytosis, and provide a clean wound site.
164
How long does the proliferative phase typically last?
Answer: 2-24 days.
165
What is angiogenesis?
Answer: The development of new blood vessels to restore vascularity and supply nutrients and oxygen required for wound healing.
166
What happens during collagen synthesis?
Answer: Fibroblasts increase, forming the extracellular matrix and strengthening the wound.
167
What is the purpose of cross-linking in wound healing?
Answer: To organize collagen fibers and increase the tensile strength of the tissue.
168
What is epithelialisation?
Answer: The process where epithelial cells regenerate and cover the newly formed connective tissue.
169
Describe the role of contraction in wound healing.
Answer: It involves the movement of wound edges to reduce the size of the wound and facilitate closure. Excessive contraction can lead to contractures.
170
When does the maturation phase begin?
Answer: Once a wound is closed.
171
How long does the maturation phase last?
Answer: 24 days to 1-2 years.
172
What key processes occur during the maturation phase?
Answer: Ongoing re-modelling of collagen, cell differentiation, and regaining 80% of normal strength.
173
What is the expected strength of the tissue at the end of the maturation phase?
Answer: Approximately 80% of normal strength.
174
Why might haemostasis be considered a separate phase in some diagrams?
Answer: It is sometimes shown separately due to its critical role in the initial response to tissue injury and the formation of a clot.
175
What can excessive wound contraction lead to?
Answer: Contractures, which can cause disfigurement and/or loss of function, especially in areas like the hands, face, and neck.
176
What is healing by primary intention?
Answer: Healing by primary intention occurs when there is minimal tissue loss and the wound edges are held together by sutures, clips, tape, or glue.
177
What is the typical result of primary intention healing?
Answer: Scarring is minimal.
178
What type of wounds are typically treated with primary intention?
Answer: Wounds with minimal tissue loss and clean edges that can be approximated.
179
What characterizes healing by secondary intention?
Answer: The wound is left open and heals through epithelialisation and contraction, with granulation occurring from the base of the wound.
180
How does granulation occur in secondary intention healing?
Answer: Granulation occurs from the wound base, and epithelialisation moves across the wound bed.
181
Why might secondary intention be used for certain wounds?
Answer: It is often used for wounds that are contaminated or infected.
182
What is a common feature of scars formed through secondary intention?
Answer: The scar tends to be thicker due to the formation of new tissue.
183
What is the purpose of delayed primary intention (tertiary intention) in wound healing?
Answer: It is used for infected wounds or wounds with foreign bodies, often requiring intensive cleaning before closure.
184
How long are wounds typically left open in delayed primary intention healing?
Answer: Wounds are generally left open for 3-5 days.
185
What is a fasciotomy wound and why is it used?
Answer: A fasciotomy wound allows drainage of underlying tissue and is used to relieve pressure or infection.
186
What are the two types of skin grafts?
Answer: Partial thickness and full thickness.
187
What is the purpose of a skin graft?
Answer: To speed up the healing process and reduce the risk of infection.
188
Describe the process of applying a skin graft.
Answer: A piece of healthy skin is transferred to another site, detached from its blood supply, formed into a mesh, and stretched across the wound. New skin grows around the graft.
189
What is the typical outcome of a skin graft?
Answer: It results in a relatively good cosmetic outcome with effective skin regrowth.
190
What is a flap in wound healing?
Answer: A flap is a surgical relocation of tissue from one part of the body to another to reconstruct a primary defect.
191
What are the three types of flaps?
Answer: Free flaps, pedicle flaps, and rotational flaps.
192
What characterizes a free flap?
Answer: A free flap is a complete segment with an anastomosis of blood supply to vessels within the wound.
193
How does a pedicle flap work?
Answer: Skin and subcutaneous tissue are transferred with its own blood supply retained via a pedicle until new blood supply at the graft site is established.
194
What is a rotational flap?
Answer: Tissue is rotated to cover an adjacent defect while retaining its original blood supply.
195
What is created as a result of flap surgery?
Answer: A secondary defect that may require skin grafting or primary closure.
196
What are some risks associated with poor wound healing?
Answer: Being under-nourished, elderly, having diabetes, obesity, and other disease states.
197
How does being under-nourished affect wound healing?
Answer: It causes delays in wound healing and increases the risk of wound infection.
198
What are some causes of malnutrition that affect wound healing?
Answer: Insufficient nutrient intake, malabsorption syndromes, high output gastrointestinal fistulae, disorders, drug intolerances, and food-drug interactions.
199
How can age impact wound healing?
Answer: Ageing affects skin thickness, resistance to shear and friction, increases comorbidities, impacts mobility and cognition, and can lead to poor nutrition.
200
What are some age-related factors that may affect wound healing?
Answer: Increased comorbidities, reduced mobility, impaired cognition, financial constraints impacting nutrition.
201
How does diabetes impair wound healing?
Answer: High blood glucose levels impair white blood cell function, damage circulation, slow blood flow, and decrease nutrient delivery to wounds.
202
What are the effects of high blood glucose levels on wound healing?
Answer: Impaired white blood cell function, reduced ability to fight bacteria, decreased circulation, and slow healing.
203
How does neuropathy from diabetes affect wound healing?
Answer: It causes numbness in the lower extremities, increasing the risk of injury.
204
How does obesity impact wound healing?
Answer: It negatively affects the immune system, increases susceptibility to infection, and may cause a chronic low-level inflammatory state.
205
What are the effects of increased subcutaneous tissue in obesity?
Answer: It increases demand on the circulatory system and is poorly vascularised, which can negatively impact wound healing.
206
How does anaemia affect wound healing?
Answer: It reduces the amount of circulating oxygen to the wound, impairing healing.
207
What impact does malignancy have on wound healing?
Answer: Malignancy can interfere with healing due to tumour growth, compromised local circulation, infection, and impaired nutrition. Treatment like chemotherapy or radiotherapy may also impair healing.
208
Why is nutrition important in wound healing?
Answer: Nutrition is essential for providing the nutrients needed for tissue oxygenation, metabolic energy, protein synthesis, and enzymatic reactions involved in wound healing.
209
What roles do cytokines and growth factors play in wound healing?
Answer: They coordinate the complex process of wound healing, which involves haemostasis/inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling.
210
What proportion of patients may require dietary supplementation for wound healing?
Answer: Approximately 50%.
211
Which of the following is the outermost layer of the skin?
A. Epidermis
B. Dermis
C. Hypodermis
D. Subcutaneous tissue
A. Epidermis
212
The dermis is primarily composed of which type of tissue?
A. Epithelial tissue
B. Connective tissue
C. Muscle tissue
D. Nervous tissue
B. Connective tissue
213
Which structure in the skin is responsible for producing sweat?
A. Sebaceous gland
B. Sweat gland
C. Hair follicle
D. Nail bed
B. Sweat gland
214
Where are the sensory receptors for touch located in the skin?
A. Epidermis
B. Dermis
C. Hypodermis
D. Subcutaneous tissue
B. Dermis
215
Which layer of the skin contains the blood vessels and nerve endings?
A. Epidermis
B. Dermis
C. Hypodermis
D. Subcutaneous tissue
B. Dermis
216
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin?
A. Protection from environmental hazards
B. Regulation of body temperature
C. Absorption of nutrients
D. Sensation
C. Absorption of nutrients
217
How does the skin contribute to temperature regulation?
A. By producing hormones
B. By secreting sweat
C. By absorbing heat
D. By dilating blood vessels
B. By secreting sweat
218
The skin's role in vitamin D synthesis occurs in which layer?
A. Epidermis
B. Dermis
C. Hypodermis
D. Subcutaneous tissue
A. Epidermis
219
What is the first stage of wound healing?
A. Proliferation
B. Hemostasis
C. Inflammation
D. Maturation
B. Hemostasis
220
During which stage of wound healing does the tissue repair and regeneration primarily occur?
A. Hemostasis
B. Inflammation
C. Proliferation
D. Maturation
C. Proliferation
221
Which stage of wound healing involves the remodeling and strengthening of collagen fibers?
A. Hemostasis
B. Inflammation
C. Proliferation
D. Maturation
D. Maturation
222
In which stage of wound healing is the formation of granulation tissue most prominent?
A. Hemostasis
B. Inflammation
C. Proliferation
D. Maturation
C. Proliferation
223
Which of the following is a common issue in elderly skin that affects wound healing?
A. Increased sweat gland activity
B. Decreased number of sebaceous glands
C. Increased number of fibroblasts
D. Improved vascularization
B. Decreased number of sebaceous glands
224
How does ageing skin typically affect wound healing?
A. Increases the rate of healing
B. Decreases the elasticity of the skin
C. Enhances collagen production
D. Improves blood flow to wounds
B. Decreases the elasticity of the skin
225
Ageing skin often shows which change that can impact wound healing?
A. Increased thickness
B. Decreased number of blood vessels
C. Increased elasticity
D. Enhanced cell turnover
B. Decreased number of blood vessels
226
Which type of wound healing involves the edges of the wound being brought together with sutures or staples?
A. Primary intention
B. Secondary intention
C. Tertiary intention
D. Quaternary intention
A. Primary intention
227
In which type of wound healing is the wound left open to heal by granulation and contraction?
A. Primary intention
B. Secondary intention
C. Tertiary intention
D. Quaternary intention
B. Secondary intention
228
Delayed primary intention involves which of the following?
A. Immediate closure of the wound
B. Wound left open initially and then closed after infection risk decreases
C. Healing by secondary intention only
D. Use of grafts for wound closure
B. Wound left open initially and then closed after infection risk decreases
229
Which type of healing is characterized by the wound being intentionally left open for a period of time before closure?
A. Primary intention
B. Secondary intention
C. Tertiary intention
D. Quaternary intention
C. Tertiary intention
230
Which type of wound is characterized by a break in the skin where the edges are clean and the wound is easily approximated?
A. Incision
B. Laceration
C. Abrasion
D. Puncture
A. Incision
231
A wound with jagged edges caused by a blunt force is known as a:
A. Incision
B. Laceration
C. Abrasion
D. Puncture
B. Laceration
232
Which type of wound is caused by a sharp object piercing the skin and underlying tissues?
A. Incision
B. Laceration
C. Abrasion
D. Puncture
D. Puncture
233
What type of wound is characterized by skin rubbing off due to friction?
A. Incision
B. Laceration
C. Abrasion
D. Puncture
C. Abrasion
234
Wounds can be classified based on all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Cause of injury
B. Color of wound bed
C. Depth of tissue injury
D. Duration of healing
B. Color of wound bed
235
Which classification method describes wounds by their depth?
A. Acute vs. chronic
B. Partial-thickness vs. full-thickness
C. Surgical vs. traumatic
D. Clean vs. contaminated
B. Partial-thickness vs. full-thickness
236
The classification of a wound as ‘chronic’ typically refers to:
A. Wounds that heal within a predictable time frame
B. Wounds that do not heal within the normal healing time
C. Wounds that are surgical in nature
D. Wounds that are expected to heal quickly
B. Wounds that do not heal within the normal healing time
237
Which nutrient is most crucial for collagen synthesis in wound healing?
A. Carbohydrates
B. Vitamin C
C. Vitamin A
D. Iron
B. Vitamin C
238
A deficiency in which mineral is commonly associated with impaired wound healing?
A. Zinc
B. Calcium
C. Magnesium
D. Potassium
A. Zinc
239
Which macronutrient is essential for energy and cellular repair during wound healing?
A. Proteins
B. Fats
C. Carbohydrates
D. Fiber
C. Carbohydrates
240
Inadequate protein intake in a patient with a wound may result in:
A. Increased collagen synthesis
B. Decreased wound inflammation
C. Delayed wound healing
D. Enhanced immune response
C. Delayed wound healing
