cellular Flashcards
(113 cards)
Mutations in proteins/primary structure changes
Cause amino acid sequence changes , can lead to a malfunction of that protein so at a dramatic change only if the change happens in the active site of the protein.
It will change also all the other structure becuase the others depend on the primary, that is a sequence of amino acids along the polypeptide chain.
How many structure has a protein?
Four, Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary
Secondary structure of proteins
We have 3 types of secondary structure:
alfa-helix: has an helix form thanks to the H bonds betweet every 4 amino acids, that stabilize the structure
beta-sheet: H bonds between parallel parts, are perpendicular to the sheet
Random coli: it may not assume a final structure. this structure allows proteins to not expose the nuclear localization signals, so it will not be recognized e.g ( importin with proteins for spermatogenesis of rats)
Antibody have all the 3 structures
Tertiary structure of proteins
is the result of all the secondary structure, called globular protein, because it will organize and form a spacial expression, in three dimensions. it depends on the interactions between the R group side chains.
Types of interactions between R group side chains
Hydrophobic: non polar chain of ami. no acid goes in the core, far away from water
Hydrogen bonds: happens between polar side chain
Ionic bonds : between negative and positive side chain
Disulfide bridge: covalent bond, between S atoms of cysteine amino acid, give stability to the protein
Quaternary structure
different subunits become associated
Protein folding
mechanism that to which proteins will reach the active form, This process is helped by chaperone proteins, that shield out bad influence that can cause the protein to no fold properly.
They creat a cylinder with an hat, they open the hat, and the polypetdide chain goes inside, close the hat, the folding happens without interferences, once it reach the correct form, the hat will open and the folded proteins comes out
Denaturation of proteins
Loss of final structure of proteins that will go back to the previous structure and will not function anymore due to the loss of specificity, due to ph, temperature changes or chemicals. Sometimes it is irreversibile
Folded proteins types
We have 2 types.
1. FIbrous Proteins: polypeptide chains in fibers or sheet, not soluble in water. have 2 function: 1. Support in structural proteins as collagene and elastin in tendons. 2. Movement as contractile proteins as actin and myosin
- Globular proteins: chain folded in a ring shape, soluble in water. Different function
- Store of amino acids
- Transport proteins as hemoglobin
- Hormone proteins: cellular messenger to mantain homeostasis (insulin-glucagon mechanism)
- Receptors: allow cells to answer to chemical stimuli. each receptor has to recognize is ligand, or we will not have an answer. We have effects by the recognition and interaction between an hormones and a ligand.
- Cholesterol receptors: LDL is endocytosed in vesicles, goes in lysosomes, breaks, free LDL and it will be used in cell.
- Protective proteins: antibodes
- Enzymes
Cell membrane is the sum of ….
Lipids: foundamental structure
proteins : transporters or channels
carbohydrates: glycolipids, in the extracellular space
cell membrane feauters and functions
- separate the cell from the non living surrondings
- membrane has selective permeability
- controls what exit and enter, for homeostasis
- protection ad support
- custom
- flexible, allow unicellular organism to move
Fatty acids
mono carboxylc acids, long hydrocarbon chains, forms lipids
Saturated: No double bonds
Unsaturated: one or more double bonds.
The unsaturated assume different forms, it is important to mantain lipids interactions in the plasma membrane, so its fluidity.
this because double bond cause kinks. Thanks to this kinks, they fit closely together, they have strong attraction betwee them, high melting point so they are solid at room temperature.
the only double bonds that cause kinks is the Cis double bond.
Triglycerids
reserve of energy.
Phospholipids
Glycerol + 2 fatty acids chains+ phosphate group
Are Amphipathic= polar and non polar region
head= polar region
tail= non polar region
Glycophospholipids and Sphingolipids(nervous system, sphingosine)
They compose the plasma membrane bilayer: Head face the water, tails on the opposite side
Sterols
Type of lipids , give charateristic to the plasma membrame as signal transduction, regulation of membrane fluidity.
4 fused rings, tetracyclic system , as for example cyclopnentane perhydro phenanthrene.
cholesterol is a steroid, component of the plasma membrane, it controls membrane fluidity, disturbance in its fluidity cause changes in membranes receptors for nervous/signal trasmission
Membranes models
- FALSE, Sandwich model :phospholipids bilayer with protein layers on bothe sides. polar molecules cannot enter
- FALSE, Polar pore, same model of before but with pores on the proteins for the passage of polar molecules
- TRUE, Fluid Mosaic. Membrane components are fluid oand capable of movement in the plane,mosaic because a lot of hetoregenous components form the membrane
Membrane proteins
responsible for the entrace and exit of substances.
two types:
1- Integral or transmembrane proteins, hydrophilic segment in contact with water and hydrophobic segment that allows the protein to run through the bilayer
-Channel proteins: substances across membrane
-Carrier: selectivly intect with molecules to help them to cross it
-Receptors proteins : shaped to bind specific ligands
- Enzymatic proteins:catalyst.
- Peripheral proteins: structural stability and shape of membrane + trasduction pathway
Membrane fluidity
- Inversely proportional to the saturation of fatty acids tails
- directly to the lenght of the tails
it als depends on:
- percentage of unsaturated fatty acids
- temperature
- cholesterol
non polar bonds between fatty acids= they can move and defomation of the membrane happens
Movements of the membrane
- Flip Flop: Phospholipid goes from one layer to another in a transversal movement, through flippase
- Ping pong: membrane lipids and proteins drift laterally
- Rotations of the heads
Membrane assymetry
created at biogenesis in edoplasmatic reticulm, maintened in the time thanks to the movements of the phospholips
Phosphatidylcholine and Sphingomyelin are on external side
Phosphatidylserines on internal side.
in a cell that undergo apoptosis, phosphatidylserine goes on the external side, this is a signal to engulf and digest the dead cell
Glycocalyx
sum of carbohydrates on the membrane
allow s it to have an identity and to be distinguished from other cells through their carbohydrate antigens
assymetry of membrane
trigger inflammatory response
blood groups antigens
- Antigen A : 0 + N-acetylgalactosammine
- Antigen B: 0 + galactose
- Antigen 0= short sugar chain + fucose
Functions of membrane proteins
Transporter enzyme activity cell surface receptors cell surface identity marker cell adhesion attachment of the cytoskeleton
Membrane proteins + lipid pilayer =
transmembrane proteins:
single alfa helix or multiple alfa helix passing through the bilayer
central channel that permits the passage of water and hydrophilic molecules.
Integral proteins, span the entire plasma membrane in this way
peripheral proteins: bonded to others membrane proteins by non covalent weak bonds
anchored proteins: covalent bond with lipid molecules
Osmosis
hypotonic solutions : water concentration higher than inside cell, water goes in, cell goes boom
hypertonic solutions: lower than cell, water goes outside the cell, cell goes mini
Isotonic solution: equal concentration, equal water movement