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cellular Flashcards

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1
Q

the cell can divided into how many parts and what are they called

A

3 parts
plasma (Cell) membrane, or plasmalemma
cytoplasm - cytosol and organelles
nucleus - chromosomes and genes

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2
Q

what is the plasma membrane

A

The plasma membrane (plasmalemma) is a flexible yet sturdy
barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of the cell

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3
Q

what are the 2 types of membrane proteins

A

Integral (also called transmembrane) proteins
2. Peripheral proteins

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4
Q

list the membrane proteins and their type

A

ion channel - integral
carrier - integral
receptor - integral
enzyme - integral and peripheral
linker - integral and peripheral
cell identity marker - glycoprotein

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5
Q

are membranes fluid structures and why

A

yes because most of the lipids and the proteins move easily in the bilayer
Membrane lipids and proteins are mobile in their own
half of the bilayer

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6
Q

what does cholesterol do in the membrane

A

Cholesterol serves to stabilize the membrane and
reduce membrane fluidity

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7
Q

what is permeability of the membrane

A

selective

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8
Q

what is the plasma membrane permeable to

A

The lipid bilayer is always permeable to small,
nonpolar, uncharged molecules

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9
Q

what increases the permeability of the membrane

A

Transmembrane proteins that act as channels or
transporters

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10
Q

how can macromolecules pass through the plasma membrane

A

vesicular transport

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11
Q

what is a concentration gradient

A

the difference in the
concentration of a chemical between one side of the
plasma membrane and the other

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12
Q

what kind of gradient is the difference in concentration of
ions between one side of the plasma membrane and the
other

A

electrical gradient

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13
Q

what are the 2 gradients make up

A

electrochemical gradient

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14
Q

what are the transport processes that move substances across the cell membrane

A

Passive processes
o Simple diffusion
o Facilitated diffusion
o Osmosis
Active processes
o Primary and secondary transport
o Vesicular transport

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15
Q

passive transport processes always move chemicals where

A

down their concentration gradient

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16
Q

active transport uses what and moves chemicals where

A

energy in ATP molecules to move chemicals up their concentration gradients

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17
Q

what can diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer and why

A

gases and some molecules can diffuse because they are small or non-polar (eg. O2 CO2 H2O)

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18
Q

how can ions diffuse through

A

they go through membrane pores or gated channels via membrane proteins

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19
Q

are pores always open?

A

yes

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20
Q

what determines more ions to diffuse

A

more pores allow more ions

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21
Q

are gated channels always open?

A

no

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22
Q

how is glucose diffused and what type of diffusion

A

faciliatated diffusion and diffuses with a transporter protein

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23
Q

what increases glucose diffusion

A

insulin because it increases transporters which means more glucose to pass through

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24
Q

how does water pass through membrane and which way does it go in terms of concentration

A

osmosis and it moves down its concentration gradient from a high concentration to a low concentration

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25
more ions results in what water concentration in a solution
lower water concentration
26
less ions results in what water concentration in a solution
higher water concentration
27
what happens to water osmosis when there is an isotonic solution which is an equal amount of ions in both solutions
water moves in equal amounts in both directions
28
hypertonic is what and where will water go
has a lower concentration of water so water will from outside to inside
29
hypotonic is what and where will water go
has a high concentration of water so water will from inside to outside
30
in a hypotonic solution, where is the solute concentration higher? where is the water concentration higher? so what would happen to the cell
inside the cell outside the cell it may burst cause of water going in
31
in a hypertonic solution, where is the solute concentration higher? where is the water concentration higher? so what would happen to the cell
outside the cell inside the cell shrink
32
which way do molecules go with primary active transport and how
molecules move against their concentration gradient via pumps energized by the hydrolysis of ATP
33
how does the cell maintain water balance
actively transporting ions
34
how does secondary active transport work
uses gradients of sodium or hydrogen ions to move other ions
35
how does low calcium concentration maintain itself in the cytosol
by secondary active transport, which uses antiporters to move calcium out of a cell while sodium flows in
36
what is an example of secondary active transport involving digestive tract
absorption of nutrients from digestive tract with symporters into intestinal cells (like amino acids and glucose)
37
what is a vesicular transport that helps with large particles and how does it work
endocytosis uses energy from ATP and helps large particles or macromolecules to enter a cell
38
a small, round sac called
vesicle formed from the existing membrane and surrounds the particles to be transported
39
what are the types of endocytosis
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis, transcytosis
40
what is phagocytosis
vital defense system to fight and protect from disease to the body bacteria bind to a receptor so the membrane and cytosol extend to form a pseudopod and it turns to a vesicle called a phagosome phagosome will fuse with a lysosome and the enzymes will digest the bacteria if some material isnt digested then it is dumped back into extracellular fluid
41
what is pinocytosis
process which the cell drinks a tiny droplet of extracellular fluid including its solutes plasma membrane folds inward to form the vesicle and flows into the cytosol and again fuse with lysosomes for the solutes to be digested
42
what is receptor-mediated
imports needed materials like certain hormones, antibodies, vitamins and low density lipoproteins into a cell materials attach to clathrin proteins located on a clathrin coated pit which form a vesicle. The vesicle recycles the clathrin proteins. The uncoated vesicle fuses with an endosome and the receptors are sorted. The vesicle brings the receptors back to the membrane. While the vesicle is transported to a late endosome which binds to a lysosome for digestion of substances
43
what is transcytosis
carrier vesicles cross the cell and releases into the extracellular fluid on the other side of the cell
44
what is exocytosis and what kind of transport
vesicular transport, moves large volumes of fluid or chemicals out of the cell also secretion of neurotransmitters, hormones, and digestive enzymes
45
the cytoplasm has how many components
1. Cytosol - also known as the intracellular fluid portion of the cytoplasm 2. Organelles - the specialized structures that have specific shapes and perform specific functions
46
cytoplasm
Cellular contents between plasma membrane and nucleus—cytosol and organelles. Site of all intracellular activities except those occurring in the nucleus
47
cytosol
Composed of water, solutes, suspended particles, lipid droplets, and glycogen granules. Fluid in which many of cell’s metabolic reactions occur.
48
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a network in the cytoplasm composed of three protein filaments: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. The cytoskeleton maintains shape and general organization of cellular contents; responsible for cell movements.
49
organelles
Specialized structures with characteristic shapes. Each organelle has specific functions.
50
centrosome
Pair of centrioles plus pericentriolar matrix. The pericentriolar matrix contains tubulins, which are used for growth of the mitotic spindle and microtubule formation.
51
cilia and flagella
Motile cell surface projections that contain 20 microtubules and a basal body. Cilia: move fluids over cell’s surface; flagella: move entire cell
52
ribosome
Composed of two subunits containing ribosomal RNA and proteins; may be free in cytosol or attached to rough ER. Protein synthesis.
53
endoplasmic reticulum ER
Membranous network of flattened sacs or tubules. Rough ER is covered by ribosomes and is attached to the nuclear envelope; smooth ER lacks ribosomes. Rough ER: synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids that are transferred to cellular organelles, inserted into plasma membrane, or secreted during exocytosis; smooth ER: synthesizes fatty acids and steroids, inactivates or detoxifies drugs, removes phosphate group from glucose-6- phosphate, and stores and releases calcium ions in muscle cells
54
golgi complex
Consists of 3–20 flattened membranous sacs called saccules; structurally and functionally divided into entry (cis) face, medial saccules, and exit (trans) face. Entry (cis) face accepts proteins from rough ER; medial saccules form glycoproteins, glycolipids, and lipoproteins; exit (trans) face modifies molecules further, then sorts and packages them for transport to their destinations.
55
lysosome
Vesicle formed from Golgi complex; contains digestive enzymes. Fuses with and digests contents of endosomes, phagosomes, and vesicles formed during bulk-phase endocytosis and transports final products of digestion into cytosol; digests worn-out organelles (autophagy), entire cells (autolysis), and extracellular materials
56
peroxisome
Vesicle containing oxidases (oxidative enzymes) and catalase (decomposes hydrogen peroxide); new peroxisomes bud from preexisting ones. Oxidizes amino acids and fatty acids; detoxifies harmful substances, such as hydrogen peroxide and associated free radicals. Copyright
57
proteasome
Tiny barrel-shaped structure that contains proteases (proteolytic enzymes). Degrades unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins by cutting them into small peptides.
58
mitochondrion
Consists of an external and an internal mitochondrial membrane, mitochondrial cristae, and mitochondrial matrix; new mitochondria form from preexisting ones. Site of aerobic cellular respiration reactions that produce most of a cell’s ATP. Plays an important early role in apoptosis.
59
nucleus
Consists of a nuclear envelope with pores, nucleoli, and chromosomes, which exist as a tangled mass of chromatin in interphase cells. Nuclear pores control the movement of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm, nucleoli produce ribosomes, and chromosomes consist of genes that control cellular structure and direct cellular functions.
60
what is autophagy
Digestion of worn-out organelles by lysosomal enzymes * Organelle fuses with lysosome to make autophagosome
61
what is autolysis
Destruction of entire cell by lysosomal enzymes
62
what are the steps of protein synthesis
step 1: transcription step 2: translation
63
transcription
Transcription occurs in the nucleus and is the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is copied onto a strand of RNA to direct protein synthesis
64
steps in transcription
Messenger RNA (mRNA) directs protein synthesis 2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) joins with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes 3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) binds to amino acid and holds it in place during translation
65
translation
Translation occurs outside the nucleus and is the process of reading the mRNA nucleotide sequence to determine the amino acid sequence of the newly formed protein
66
DNA is found in
chromatin
67
the enyzme that bonds RNA nucleotides together
RNA polymerase
68
what is cell division
Cell division is a process by which cells reproduce themselves
69
what is in interphase
Period between cell divisions; chromosomes not visible under light microscope.
70
what is mitosis and when does it occur
Mitosis results in the distribution of 2 sets of chromosomes into 2 separate nuclei Mitosis occurs when the nucleus of a cell divides
71
what are the steps of mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
72
what happens in prophase
During prophase chromatin condenses into chromosomes and the nuclear membrane disappears and centrosomes move to opposite poles
73
what happens in metaphase
During metaphase centromeres of chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate
74
what happens in anaphase
During anaphase centromeres of chromosomes split and sister chromatids move toward opposite poles of the cell
75
what happens in telophase
During telophase the mitotic spindle dissolves, chromosomes regain their chromatin appearance, and a new nuclear membrane forms
76
cytokinesis
During cytokinesis a cleavage furrow forms and eventually the cytoplasm of the parent cell fully splits
77
G1 phase
Metabolically active cell duplicates most of its organelles and cytosolic components; replication of chromosomes begins. (Cells that remain in the G1 phase for a very long time, and possibly never divide again, are said to be in the G0 phase.
78
S phase
Replication of DNA and centrosomes.
79
G2 phase
Cell growth, enzyme and protein synthesis continue; replication of centrosomes complete.
80
mitotic phase
Parent cell produces identical cells with identical chromosomes; chromosomes visible under light microscope
81
what are the destinies
Remain alive and functioning without dividing 2. Grow and divide 3. Die
82
mitosis vs meiosis
mitosis is somatic type meiosis is gamete type mitosis will make 2 cells and meiosis will make 4 the diploid will be identical to the chromosomes in the starting cell the haploid represents half of the chromosomes in the starting cell mitosis is 46 chromosomes or 2 sets of 23 meiosis only one set of 23
83
types of cell cancers
Types of Cancer o Melanoma o Sarcoma o Osteogenic sarcoma o Leukemia o Lymphoma * Growth and spread o Angiogenesis

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