Cellular Adaptation

Question 1

Atrophy

Answer 1

decrease in cell size

natural or unnatural

Question 2

Atrophy Common Cells

Answer 2

skeletal muscles (in a cast)

heart and brain (as we age)

secondary sex organs (menopause)

Question 3

Atrophy leads to

Answer 3

decreased tissue mass

decreased oxygen needs and number of organelles

decreased ATP and function

Question 4

Atrophy causes

Answer 4

disuse

denervation

loss of endocrine function

inadequate nutrition

ischemia

Question 5

Hypertrophy

Answer 5

increase in cell size

Question 6

Hypertrophy leads to

Answer 6

increased tissue mass

increase in oxygen needs and number of organelles

increased need for ATP and function

Question 7

Hypertrophy causes

Answer 7

hormonal stimulation

increased use (functional demand)

compensation for organ loss

Question 8

Hyperplasia

Answer 8

increase win number of cells

can be increased risk of cancer

Question 9

Hyperplasia common cells

Answer 9

epidermal (warts)

intestinal epithelium (polyps)

glandular (hormone excretion)

Question 10

Cells that cannot undergo hyperplasia

Answer 10

nerve and cardiac

Question 11

compensatory hyperplasia

Answer 11

increased due to functional demand

liver loss, muscle size

Question 12

normal hormonal hyperplasia

Answer 12

puberty

Question 13

abnormal hormonal hyperplasia

Answer 13

endometriosis

warts from HPV

Question 14

metaplasia

Answer 14

1 mature cell type replace by another mature cell type

enlarged tissue mass

increased risk of cancer

Question 15

adaptive metaplasia

Answer 15

occurs in response to chronic irritation for noxious stimuli

substitutes cells better fit for circumstances where fragile type may die

Question 16

smokers

Answer 16

metaplasia

ciliated columnar cells to stratified squamous cells

Question 17

dysplasia

Answer 17

cells vary by size, shape, nuclei

rate of mitosis increased

Question 18

dysplasia causes

Answer 18

chronic infection

chronic irritation

precancerous

Question 19

dysplasia screening tests

Answer 19

pap-smear

Question 20

neoplasia

Answer 20

new growth

tumor

Question 21

benign

Answer 21

neoplasia

noncancerous, does not spread, non-life-threatening

Question 22

malignant

Answer 22

neoplasia

cancer

Question 23

anaplasia

Answer 23

mutated, undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear/cell stx, increased mitosis rate

seen in malignant tumors

Question 24

extent of cell injury depends on…

Answer 24

intensity and duration of injury

type of cell involved

Question 25

cell injury reversible if...

Answer 25

factor removed quickly

Question 26

cell injury irreversible if...

Answer 26

structural damage occurs/agent persists

Question 27

hypoxia

Answer 27

oxygen deprivation in cell interferes with oxidative metabolism and ATP production

Question 28

hypoxia causes

Answer 28

decreased inspired oxygen problems with Hgb problems with RBCs disease

Question 29

ischemia

Answer 29

decreased blood flow, most common form of hypoxic injury lack of ATP sodium pump fails

Question 30

local ischemia

Answer 30

blocked artery

Question 31

systemic ischemia

Answer 31

respiratory failure

Question 32

physical agents

Answer 32

cold, heat, radiation impair blood supply and metabolic processes

Question 33

mechanical damage

Answer 33

pressure, tearing tissues

Question 34

chemical toxins

Answer 34

exogenous (environment) and endogenous (in body) alter membrane produce reative chemicals

Question 35

microbes

Answer 35

bacterial, viruses, parasites

Question 36

abnormal metabolites

Answer 36

accumulate due to altered metabolism

Question 37

nutritional defects

Answer 37

malnutrition and malabsorption

Question 38

imbalance of fluids and electrolytes

Answer 38

needed for communication and membrane processes

Question 39

apoptosis

Answer 39

programmed cell death

Question 40

necrosis

Answer 40

death of a group of cells

Question 41

liquefaction necrosis

Answer 41

dead cells liquefy because of release ex: brain death, infection, ulcers

Question 42

coagulative necrosis

Answer 42

cell proteins altered or denatured ex: injury to heart, kidneys scrambled eggs

Question 43

fat necrosis

Answer 43

fatty tissue broken down into fatty acid ex: infection, chronic inflammation

Question 44

caseous necrosis

Answer 44

form of coagulation necrosis thick, yellow, cheesy substance forms ex: TB

Question 45

gangrene

Answer 45

necrotic tissue, lack/loss of blood supply, invaded by bacteria

Question 46

dry gangrene

Answer 46

lack of blood supply causes tissue to die

Question 47

characteristics of dry gangrene

Answer 47

spreads slow distinct line of infected area not usually invaded by bacteria

Question 48

causes of dry gangrene

Answer 48

frostbite, poor circulation

Question 49

wet gangrene

Answer 49

injury occurs, tissue becomes moist and breaks down

Question 50

characteristics of wet gangrene

Answer 50

tissue infected with bacteria pus spreads quickly, no distinct line

Question 51

causes of wet gangrene

Answer 51

burns and crushing injuries

Question 52

gas gangrene

Answer 52

infection deep inside body (inside muscles/organs) clostridia release dangerous toxins/poisons that destroy cells/produce gas that further reduce blood flow

Question 53

characteristics of gag gangrene

Answer 53

rare trauma death in 48 hr if not treated