Electrolytes

Question 1

Hyponatremia

Answer 1

sodium deficit

Question 2

Hyponatremia Causes

Answer 2

Loss through sweating, vomiting, diarrhea

Diuretic Use

Hormonal: Insufficient aldosterone, Adrenal Insufficiency

Dilutional: excessive fluid

Question 3

Hyponatremia S&S

Answer 3

S - stupor/coma
A - anorexia, N/V
L - lethargy
T - tendon reflexes decreased
L - limp muscles
O - orthostatic hypotension
S - seizures/headache
S - stomach cramps

Question 4

Sodium

Answer 4

think fluid balance

Question 5

Hypernatremia

Answer 5

sodium excess

Question 6

Hypernatremia Causes

Answer 6

Hormonal: Insufficient ADH, Excessive aldosterone

Loss of thirst, Increased ingestion

Question 7

Hypernatremia S&S

Answer 7

F - flushed skin
R - restlessness
I - increased fluid retention, ↑ BP
E - edema peripheral, pitting dependent
D - decreased urine, dry mouth S - skin dry
A - agitation
L - low grade fever
T - thirst, tachycardia

Question 8

Potassium

Answer 8

think heart

Question 9

Hypokalemia

Answer 9

Potassium loss

Question 10

Hypokalemia Causes

Answer 10

Loss through diarrhea, ETOH, anorexia

Drugs: Diuretic Use, Excessive Insulin

Hormonal: Excessive aldosterone

Question 11

Hypokalemia S&S

Answer 11

S - skeletal muscle weakness
U - U wave and EKG changes
C - constipation, ileus
T - toxic effects of digoxin
I - irregular pulse
O - orthostatic hypotension
N – numbness

Question 12

Hyperkalemia

Answer 12

potassium excess

Question 13

Hyperkalemia Causes

Answer 13

Renal failure, Burns

Drugs: K Sparing drugs

Hormonal: Deficient aldosterone

Question 14

Hyperkalemia S&S

Answer 14

M - muscle weakness
U - urine(oliguria)
R - respiratory distress
D - decreased cardiac contractility
E - ECG changes
R - reflexia

Question 15

Calcium

Answer 15

think muscle

Question 16

Hypocalcemia

Answer 16

calcium loss

Question 17

Hypocalcemia Causes

Answer 17

Hypoparathyroidism

Renal Failure

Malabsorption syndrome

Question 18

Hypocalcemia S&S

Answer 18

C- convulsions
A- arrhythmias
T- tetany
S- stridor, spasms

Question 19

Hypercalcemia

Answer 19

excess calcium

Question 20

Hypercalcemia Causes

Answer 20

Hyperparathyroidism

Neoplasms

Increased calcium intake

Question 21

Hypercalcemia S&S

Answer 21

B- bone pain
A- arrhythmias
C- cardiac arrest
K- kidney stones
M- muscle weakness
E- excessive urination

Question 22

phosphate

Answer 22

inverse of calcium

Question 23

Hypophosphatemia

Answer 23

phosphate loss

Question 24

Hypophosphatemia causes

Answer 24

Malabsorption/malnutrition

Diuretics

DKA, hyperthyroidism, Increased aldosterone

Question 25

Hypophosphatemia S&S

Answer 25

B- bone pain A- arrhythmias C- cardiac arrest K- kidney stones M- muscle weakness E- excessive urination

Question 26

Hyperphosphatemia

Answer 26

excess phosphate

Question 27

Hyperphosphatemia causes

Answer 27

renal failure

Question 28

Hyperphosphatemia S&S

Answer 28

C- convulsions A- arrhythmias T- tetany S- stridor, spasms

Question 29

Magnesium

Answer 29

think energy

Question 30

Hypomagnesemia

Answer 30

magnesium loss

Question 31

Hypomagnesemia causes

Answer 31

Excessive Alcohol consumption Malnutrition Hyperthyroidism

Question 32

Hypomagnesemia S&S

Answer 32

T- Tachycardia/Tetany R- Respiratory weakness A- A increased BP N- Neuromuscular excitability C- Confusion E- Excitable neurons (seizures)

Question 33

Hypermagnesemia

Answer 33

magnesium excess

Question 34

Hypermagnesemia causes

Answer 34

Excessive Ingestion of antacids Renal Failure

Question 35

Hypermagnesemia S&S

Answer 35

D- Depressed reflexes R- Respiratory/Cardiac depression I- Irritable bowels V- Vomiting E- Eventual low BP

Question 36

Chloride

Answer 36

think sodium

Question 37

Hypochloremia

Answer 37

chloride loss

Question 38

Hypochloremia causes

Answer 38

Excessive vomiting (alkalosis) Excessive sweating/dehydration

Question 39

Hypochloremia S&S

Answer 39

S - stupor/coma A - anorexia, N/V L - lethargy T - tendon reflexes decreased L - limp muscles O - orthostatic hypotension S - seizures/headache S - stomach cramps

Question 40

Hyperchloremia

Answer 40

excess chloride

Question 41

Hyperchloremia causes

Answer 41

Excessive sodium intake Excessive water loss

Question 42

Hyperchloremia S&S

Answer 42

F - flushed skin R - restlessness I - increased fluid retention, ↑ BP E - edema peripheral, pitting dependent D - decreased urine, dry mouth S - skin dry A - agitation L - low grade fever T - thirst, tachycardia