Cellular Adaptation Flashcards
Define Cellular Adaptation and differentiate the different cellular adaptation terms Distinguish between physiologic and pathologic cellular processes. Distinguish between hyperplasia and hypertrophy Define metaplasia and be able to give examples Identify changes in dysplastic tissue vs anaplastic tissue Identify the best example of a dysplastic change in the human body Identify other names for Anaplasia pathologically and clinically (27 cards)
What is Cell Adaptation?
prolonged exposure of cells to
Prolonged exposure of cells to adverse or exaggerated normal stimuli evokes
various changes at the level of individual cells tissues or whole organs this is known as cell adaption
Once adverse or exaggerated normal stimuli is removed most cells that have adapted to the chronic stimulation
revert to normalcy Ince again, while others do not the result is typically detrimental
what are the 6 ways that cells adapt
Atrophy Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Metaplasia Dysplasia Aplasia
Atrophy discussion
atrophy is the decrease in size of a tissue, organ or the entire body, which is common in many cancers and malnutrition
Atrophy can be classified as either physiologic or pathologic
examples of physiologic atrophy are the involution of the thymus that accompanies aging, the decease in bone matrix or density resulting in thin and prone to fracture bones in the elderly, and the degradation of the ovaries, uterus and breast after menopause and the reduction of estrogen in these women
examples of pathologic atrophy are organs that have experienced ischemic due to multiple etiologies, and Alzheimer Dementia
what is meany by a physiologic change
changes that occur regardless of effort, uncontrollable process in the body and within body systems
Proliferative Endometrium
in young women a large build up or proliferation of the endometrium occurs each mensural cycle, shedding of this endometrium layer will then occur , however once a women is post menopausal the endometrium is consider atrophic and does not expense proliferation
What hormone is a key factor in the patience of the bone matrix
estrogen, once it is drastically reduced after menopause, women become more prone to fractures
Multi-Infarct Dementia
multiple mini stokes cause death in brain tissue, causing pathologic atrophy
Generalized Atrophy due to Alzheimer’s Disease
characterized by a widening of such and narrowing of gyri
typically the occipital area is spared
Hypertrophy discussion
increase of size of a tissue, organ or the entire body
Hypertrophy can be classified as either physiologic or pathologic
a physiologic example of hypertrophy id the enlargement of skeletal muscles due to weight lifting
a pathologic example is Myocardial Hypertrophy
a normal left ventricular wall should be no bigger than
1.5 cm
in patients with Myocardial Hypertrophy we may see left ventricular walls that are 1.9 cm, 2.0 cm, 2.5 cm, causing a displacement of the chambers in the left and right ventricles
Myocardial Hypertrophy typically results from
an adaption to compensate for an increased work load an example of this adaptive response is concentric left wall hypertrophy caused by an increased need for harder pumping, due to peripheral resistance, HTN, and left ventricular pressure
Hypertrophy Cardiomyopathy
the observed enlargement of the heart is due to a genetic component
Hyperplasia discussion
hyperplasia is an adaptive increase in the number of cells that can cause enlargement of tissues or organs
example of hyperplasia include Endometrial Hyperplasia due to estrogens and Hyperplastic polyps of the colon
Can hyperplasia and hypertrophy be seen together?
yes, both may occur together under a variety of conditions, consider pregnancy a growth of the uterus accompanies the growth of a fetus
in other words, Physiologic hypertrophy of the uterine smooth muscle cells during pregnancy is also accompanied by hyperplasia
Prostate example of hyperplasia and hypertrophy
A hyperplastic prostate, (BPH) increases both the size and number of glands and stroma. this process is both age related and pathologic
Metaplasia discussion
Metaplasia is the adaptive change of one cell type for another in order to suit the environment, it is always pathologic
Squamous metaplasia of the bronchial epithelium is a pre-neoplastic change of the bronchial epithelium observed in the lungs in response to toxic injury induced by cigarette smoke, results in loss of cilia and cells become stratified squamous epithelium
another example is Barrett Esophagus
Many times changes are reversible if the environment is changed however if the environment is not changed it may progress to dysplasia
Barrett Esophagus
cells of the esophagus cells mirror cells of the stomach ( granular epithelium) in an effort to protect cells against the increased HCL released from the stomach into the esophagus
This increase in granular cells can produce an increased risk factor for a glandular cancer, adenocarcinomas
Barrett Esophagus risk factors include drinking, smoking, hot spicy food
it is recommend that patients stop smoking, stop drinking alcohol, and eating hot spicy food
in older men with dehydration consider
BPH, if prostate is enlarged many men will experience difficulties urinating and in an effort to alleviate this some patients may reduce liquid intake
Dysplasia discussion
dysplasia is disordered growth of tissues resulting from chronic irritation or infection. It is considered a precancerous condition
Cervical Dysplasia
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia based on PAP smears, different grades are assigned based upon nucleus size observed during microscopic analysis
There is an an association of dysplasias found in a PAP and cervical cancers with
HPV
Anaplasia discussion
malignant transformation, undifferentiated and uncontrolled growth of cells
The terms, malignancy, carcinoma, cancer, and neoplasm are all synonymous with anaplasia
examples include squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, cancer of the lung, malignant melanoma, and renal cell carcinoma.
