Introduction to Pathology and Pathophysiology

Question 1

What is the definition of pathophysiology?

Answer 1

pathophysiology is the study of the disruption of normal bodily function due to disease or the physiology of abnormal function

Question 2

What is body homeostasis?

Answer 2

normal bodily function, a dynamic steady state marked by appropriate regulatory responses (an absence of abnormal responses)

Question 3

What is the definition of pathology?

Answer 3

the study of structural or morphological abnormalities which are expressed as diseases of cells, tissues, organs, and whole systems

Question 4

What is the only way to obtain a definitive diagnosis

Answer 4

pathology

Question 5

What is the definition of disease?

Answer 5

an impairment of cells, tissues, organs or body system function

Question 6

Disease is a result of?

Answer 6

altered functions of the body

Question 7

Disease poses a challenge to

Answer 7

body homeostasis

Question 8

Etiology defintion

Answer 8

cause of the disease or disorder

Question 9

Idiopathic Disease definition

Answer 9

the disease is a result of an unidentifiable cause

Question 10

Iatrogenic definition

Answer 10

the condition is a result of medical treatment

Question 11

Congenital defintion

Answer 11

disorder occurring during fetal development

Question 12

Nosocomial definition

Answer 12

a disorder or disease that result from being inside of a hospital, hospital acquired

Question 13

Example of congenital disorder given in class

Answer 13

congenital berry aneurysm

Question 14

Nosocomial is usually an

Answer 14

infectious disease

Question 15

How do nosocomial disorders typically passed to patients?

Answer 15

fomite transfer, lack of hand washing, specifically lack of hand washing of physicians

Question 16

Genetic definition

Answer 16

an inherited disease

Question 17

Congenital Berry Aneurysm

Answer 17

a congenital defect in the arterial wall near basilar artery, if rupture occur due to the thin arterial wall a subarachnoid hemorrhage will occur, the CSF is displaced by blood if this were to occur
although present at birth, the actual aneurysm takes years to develop, so that rupture is most likely to occur in young to middle age adults.

Question 18

Acute disease definition

Answer 18

serve disorder with quick onset, these diseases are typically self-limiting and patients present with signs and symptoms

Question 19

an example of an acute disease

Answer 19

myocardial infarct

Question 20

chronic disease definition

Answer 20

a long term continuous disease process, patients will experience exacerbations and remissions
these disease are usually not curable

Question 21

examples of chronic diseases

Answer 21

chronic ulcerative colitis

MS

Question 22

Neurologic and gastrointestinal diseases are many times

Answer 22

chronic

Question 23

Subacute Disease definition

Answer 23

somewhere between acute and chronic timeframes

Question 24

Subclinical Disease definition

Answer 24

a disease in which no signs or symptoms are present and it typically does not progress

Question 25

Carrier state definition

Answer 25

a patient will harbor an organisms but does not show signs or symptoms of such disease they can however transmit the disease to susceptible individuals

Question 26

Carrier state example given in class

Answer 26

Mary Mallon or Typhoid Mary, carrier of Salmonella typhi in her bile

Question 27

what is the etiology of MS

Answer 27

We do not specifically know but viruses are a heavy suspicion

Question 28

angina and ischemia

Answer 28

essential the same, clot cases blockage in a vessel (i.e. in the the heart) and the organ must then relay on the other vessels to supply blood to the area

Question 29

Coagulative necrosis

Answer 29

type of accidental cell death typically caused by ischemia or infarction

Question 30

How long does it take to observe gross changes (i.e. coagulative necrosis) to the heart as a result of an infarction

Answer 30

about 24 hours of symptoms, such as chest pain, experienced by the patient

Question 31

What is the definition of a Syndrome?

Answer 31

a syndrome is a group of clinical symptoms and physical features that characterize a particular disorder, i.e. Down syndrome

Question 32

What are some examples of well-known syndromes?

Answer 32

``` Down Syndrome Cushing Syndrome Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Turner's Syndrome Klinefelter's Syndrome Toxic Shock Syndrome ```

Question 33

Why are we seeing an increase in men withToxic Shock Syndrome when it has been historically linked to women with dwelling tampons

Answer 33

Male (or female) Intravenous (IV) drug users may introduce Staphylococcus aureus from the skin to the blood stream resulting in Toxic Shock Syndrome

Question 34

Typical Features of Down Syndrome

Answer 34

``` Mental Retardation Slanted eyes Brush-field spots in eyes Epicentral folds Protruding, big, wrinkled tongue Congenital heart disease Intestinal defects Single palmar crease (Simian crease) Shorten fifth finger Wide gap between first and second toes ```

Question 35

Which syndrome is typically associated with epicentral folds and Brush-field spots?

Answer 35

Down Syndrome

Question 36

What is a Simian Crease?

Answer 36

a single line that runs across the palm of the hand in contrast to the typical 3 crease found in most of the population offend a feature of those with down syndrome NOTE: this term is rarely used due to the derogatory connotation associated with the term Simian, instead it is referenced as a single palmar crease

Question 37

Typical Features of Cushing Syndrome

Answer 37

``` Upper body obesity with thin arms and legs Buffalo Hump Red, round face Female balding Purple Striae Hirsutism ```

Question 38

Typical Features of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Answer 38

``` Epicentral folds Flat nasal bridge Railroad track ear Upturned nose Smooth philtrum thin upper lip ```

Question 39

Which syndrome is typically associated with epicentral folds and a flat nasal bridge?

Answer 39

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Question 40

Typical Features of Turner's Syndrome

Answer 40

``` Heart shaped face Webbed neck Broad chest with widely spaced middles Streak ovaries, amenorrhea, infertility Short stature ```

Question 41

Typical Features of Klinefelter's Syndrome

Answer 41

``` Lack of beard, pubic, and body hair Female like hips Long arms and legs Gynecomastia Testicular atrophy ```

Question 42

What symptom of Toxic Shock Syndrome may be observed during a physical examination

Answer 42

a rash

Question 43

XO karyotype is associated with

Answer 43

Turner’s Syndrome

Question 44

XXY karyotype is associated with

Answer 44

Klinefelter’s Syndrome