Cellular Adaptation, Injury, And Death

Question 1

What are the 4 mechanisms of cell injury

Answer 1

1. Free radical formation
2. Hypoxia and ATP depletion
3. Disruption of intracellular Ca[++ homeostasis
4. Membrane damage

Question 2

Role of free radical injury in diabetes related complications

Answer 2

When the sugar is in high amounts, it gets oxidized and produces a lot of free radicals

Question 3

Five mechanisms that can cause membrane damage

Answer 3

• increased cytosolic Ca++
• loss of membrane phospholipids
• cytoskeleton damage
• reactive oxygen species
• lipid breakdown products

Question 4

Liquid peroxifation, oxidative modification to proteins, DNA effects

Answer 4

Free radical formation

Question 5

Deprives cell of O2 and interrupts aerobic respiration

Answer 5

Hypoxia and ATP depletion

Question 6

Free radicals and diabetes

Answer 6

• high blood sugar
• glucose oxidizes
• free radical induced oxidative damage
• proteins are oxidatively modified
• immunologic component (trigger systemic inflammation)
• structural component (impact normal function)

Question 7

What does hypoxia affect

Answer 7

Na/K pumps

Protein synthesis

Question 8

Hypoxia and lactic acid

Answer 8

If high levels of lactic acid are present, it is a sign of stress in the body during hypoxia, not good prognosis

Question 9

Membrane damage

Answer 9

Increased Ca++
Cytoskeletal damage
Reactive oxygen species

Question 10

Reversible responses in cellular damage

Answer 10

Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia 

In order of worsening condition

Question 11

Shrinkage in the size of the cell

Answer 11

Cellular atrophy

Question 12

What is cellular atrophy due to

Answer 12

Lack of use 
Loss of inner action
Diminished blood supply 
Inadequate nutrition
Loss of endocrine stimulation 
Aging 
Pressure

Question 13

Change in cell number

Answer 13

Hyperplasia

Question 14

Change in cell types

Answer 14

Metaplasia

M=mature
Replace one normal mature cell type with another normal mature cell type

Question 15

Abnormal cells

Answer 15

Dysplasia

Question 16

Change in cell size

Answer 16

Atrophy and hypertrophy

Question 17

Cells increase in size, not numbers

Answer 17

Cellular hypertrophy

Question 18

What is cellular hypertrophy cause by

Answer 18

Increases functional demand or specific hormonal stimulation

Question 19

Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue

Answer 19

Cellular hyperplasia

Question 20

Usually results in an increased tissue volume

Answer 20

Hyperplasia

Question 21

Physiologic examples of cellular hyperplasia

Answer 21

Uterine and breast growth during pregnancy

Question 22

Pathological examples of cellular hyperplasia

Answer 22

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Question 23

Physiological examples of cellular hypertrophy

Answer 23

Body builders muscles

Question 24

Pathological examples of cellular hypertrophy

Answer 24

Heart in HTN

Question 25

Reversible; one mature cell type is replaced by another mature cell type

Answer 25

Metaplasia | M=mature

Question 26

What can metaplasia transform into

Answer 26

Malignancy

Question 27

Abnormal cell growth of a specific tissue that results in cells that vary in size, shape, and organization

Answer 27

Cellular dysplasia

Question 28

Strongly implicated as a precursor of cancer

Answer 28

Cellular dysplasia

Question 29

Dysplasia, is it reversible

Answer 29

Potentially, but closer to cancer

Question 30

Most immediate precursor to cancer

Answer 30

Dysplasia

Question 31

Another name for dysplasia

Answer 31

Atypical cells

Question 32

Signs and symptoms of hepatitis

Answer 32

Liver inflammation - bilirubin concentration increases - jaundice/icterus in all body tissues - protein production ceases - can be induced by acetaminophen

Question 33

Most toxic vitamin

Answer 33

A, can kill you, others make you sick, don't eat polar bear liver E and D is next

Question 34

If you sample what was in a xanthoma (tumors around eyes)

Answer 34

Cholesterol

Question 35

Yellow sclera

Answer 35

Liver failure

Question 36

Kayser-Fleischer Rings

Answer 36

Copper rings in the descemet's membrane (Free copper) Wilsons diseases - earliest sign is the rings - copper not bound by the carrier protein - copper is being deposited in other areas and having a toxic effect - presents with psychiatric symptoms - treatable

Question 37

Cosmetic condition causes by prolonged ingestion of silver salts

Answer 37

Argyria Permanent

Question 38

Liver failure and protein production

Answer 38

Won't produce proteins and will bleed out of every orifice

Question 39

Messy lysis of dead cells within living tissues. Huge inflammatory response, cytoplasmic membrane smooths

Answer 39

Necrosis (lots of inflammataion, tumor/calor/rumor/dolor)

Question 40

Programmed cell death, without inflammatory response, cell shrinks, chromatic becomes pyknotic and fragments, cytoplasmic membrane blebs

Answer 40

Apoptosis

Question 41

Cell shrinking

Answer 41

Apoptosis

Question 42

Cell swelling

Answer 42

Necrosis

Question 43

Necrosis and healing

Answer 43

Inhibits healing

Question 44

Sequence of necrosis

Answer 44

- membrane damage - lysosomal enzymes leak into cytoplasm - cell and organelles swell - cellular contents leak out of cell - initiation of inflammatory response

Question 45

Exudates

Answer 45

- necrosis produces inflammation | - inflamed vessels leak fluid and cells, makes pus

Question 46

Predict the protein concentration of an exudate

Answer 46

Very high, looks cloudy

Question 47

Exudate is indicative of what

Answer 47

Inflamed

Question 48

How to tell between exudates and transudate

Answer 48

Check protein concentration. If it is a high protein count and looks cloudy, it is exudates

Question 49

Adding acetic acid to an unknown fluid and it causes a lot of precipitate

Answer 49

Exudates

Question 50

Fluid is pushed through capillary due to high pressure

Answer 50

Transudate

Question 51

Protein level of transudate

Answer 51

Low

Question 52

Acute inflammatory cells

Answer 52

- neutrophils (!!!) - mast cells - platelets - basophils

Question 53

Chronic inflammatory cells

Answer 53

- B and T lymphocytes - macrophages (!!! Epithelioid cells in granuloma) - plasma cells - antibodies

Question 54

Granuloma

Answer 54

- dead material and macrophages at its center (epithelioid cells) - body attempted to heal the necrotic tissue - surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes - associated with chronic inflammation

Question 55

Mitochondrial changes in apoptosis

Answer 55

None

Question 56

Mitochondrial changes in necrosis

Answer 56

Swelling

Question 57

First apparent cellular changes of apoptosis

Answer 57

Shrinking

Question 58

First apparent cellular changes in necrosis

Answer 58

Swelling

Question 59

Telomeres and aging

Answer 59

Shortening telomeres causes aging

Question 60

Changes in senescence

Answer 60

- gradual atrophy of tissues and organs - dementia - loss of skin elasticity - grating and loss of hair - CV damage-atherosclerosis/bruising - loss of lens elasticity-opacity-vision

Question 61

Pangeria

Answer 61

Warners syndrome - premature puberty - short stature