Lab Diagnositcs Flashcards by Sarah Heath

1 standard deviation

Covers 68% of population

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2 standard deviation

95% of healthy populations

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Reference range determinants

Age
Gender
Geographical location

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RBC counts and Hg/Hct levels in people living in the Himalayan mountains are expected to be ____ than people living at sea level due to ____ oxygen levels

Higher

Decreased

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Anemic

Hemoglobin and hematocrit have to be low to be classified as anemic

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Unexplained high ionized calcium

Cancer (usually lung)

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What is involved with blood pressure

Electrolytes

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BUN/.creatinine

Kidney tests

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ALT

Liver test

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What tests are associated with diabetes

Glucose and HgA1C

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What is the most specific test out there for heart injury

Troponin

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What is the threshold for diagnosing diabetes

FBSL of 126 (must be fasting)

Random blood sugar reading of 200 is also indicative of diabetes

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Blood sugar below _____ the brain will not function

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HbA1C

The percentage of hemoglobin covered in sugar is proportion to the amount of sugar present

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Reflects 2-3 month glucose average

HbA1c

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Normal HbA1c

<5.7%

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HbA1c reading of _________ is the gold standard for diagnosing diabetes

6.5 or higher

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___ hours after a meal, you are back to your fasting state normally

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Elevated enzymes

Damaged cells

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Best liver test

ALT

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ALT elevation

Could be heart, liver, skeletal, or muscle. Based on physical exam and symptoms/signs of patient.

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Where is ALP found in liver

Ducts

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Where is AST and ALT found in liver

Hepatocytes

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When looking at elevated enzymes what should you do

Not assume and jump to conclusions since many tissues can be the cause for the elevated enzyme

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Early warning of liver damage

ALT and AST

What are the biggest players of blood pressure

Na and Albumin

Identify the blood test that best supports liver failure

Rising bilirubin levels

Best test for kidney function (GFR)

Creatinine clearance

Serum creatinine rule of thumb

Healthy= 1 For every doubling of serum creatinine, it halves 2=means you have 50% GFR 4=25% kidney function

<30ml/min(%) GFR or creatinine

See nephrologist

GFR< 15ml/min (%)

Dialysis or transplant

A protein metabolism waste product

BUN, kidney function test

What is BUN effected by

BUN, less realiable than creatinine for liver function test

Another term for troponin

I/T or INT

What is troponin specific for

Heart

What is the goal of fasting cholesterol

<200mg/dL

What is considered borderline for fasting cholesterol

201-240 mg/dL

Transports cholesterol to liver, good cholesterol

HDL cholesterol

Goal for HDL cholesterol

>40mg/dl

Depositis cholesterol into vascular walls, bad cholesterol. Promotes atherosclerosis

LDL cholesterol

Goal for LDL cholesterol

<100mg/dL

High triglycerides associated with what

>500=pancreatitis

Goal for triglycerides

<150mg/dL

How must you measure cholesterol and triglycerides

FASTING. Especially triglycerides

When do we get concerned with diabetes with fasting glucose levels

100-125

Difference between CMP and BMP

CMP also looks at liver function

Gallstones

Elevated ALP

What are the damage markers of liver

ALT and AST-hepatocytes

What is the function test of liver

Bilirubin

What do we look at to determine the type of anemia someone has

MCV. Cell volume

CBC with differential

All of the regular CBC + white blood cell types

Primary indicators of inflammation

CRP and ESR

Normal plasma in ESR

20mm or less for ESR

Rate that red blood cells settle to the bottom of a slender tube in one hour

ESR

Normal ESR

0-20mm/Hr

High ESR indicates

Inflammation

Is ESR specific to a disease

No. Anything that causes inflammation will increase the sed rate

Anemia and sed rate

Inaccurate readings

Vitamin K dependent factors in coagulation cascade

II, VII, IX, X

What does the coagulation cascade do

Turn fibrinogen to fibrin

Two factors that affect the coagulation cascade

Contact factor pathway and tissue factor pathway

Tissue factor pathway in coag cascade

Tissues explode and activate it

Contact factor pathway in coag cascade

Collagen exposed causes it

Factors in the common pathway in coag cascade

10,5 2

Which factor is the MOST dependent on vitamin K

Warfarin affects which factor the most

Heparin will target which factor

10 and 2

Prothrombin time

Measures the extrinsic factors pathway (tissue factor pathway), especially factor 7

Test we use for Coumadin monitoring

PT, prothrombin time, look at factor 7

Why does 7 get so targeted from Coumadin?

7 has a very short half life

PTT

Heparin monitoring (II and X, and IX)

Most common serious bleeding disorder in the world

Hemophilia A

What is hemophilia and absence of

Factor 8

Screen for hemophilia A

PTT, measures factor 8

12, 11, 9, 8 deficiencywould be monitored with what

PTT

Mechanism of heparin

Knocks out anti-thrombin | Knocks out 10a

Normal PT

10s

INR for DVT

2.0-3.0

INR

International normalize ratio used for Pt value

Neutrophilia

Bacterial

Lymphocytosis

Viral

Eosinophilia

Allergies or worms

Segs, bands, mylos all get added together to get total

Neutrophil count

Leukemia

High or low WBC

HGBx3 rule

Hemoglobin x 3 gives us hematocrit

Hematocrit/3

Gives us hemoglobin

Polycythemia Vera

High RBC count

Anemia

Low HGB and HCT count, RBC is not always low.

Anemia in women

<12g/dL

Anemia in men

13.5g/dL

Anemia with hemoglobin below 7

Hospitalized and transfused

Most common anemia in the world

Iron-deficient anemia, a microcytic anemia

Macrocytic anemia

MCV>110

What does macrocytic anemia point to

Vitamin B12 or Folic acid deficiency

What kind of anemia has a normal or high RBCs

Microcytic anemia

MCV<80

Microcytic

MCV>100

Macrocytic anemia

Megaloblastic anemia

Same thing as macrocytic anemia

WBC in viral infections

Don't increase WBC much, can actually decrease it 50% of the time

What do you have to confirm lupus with

Confirm with anti-dSNA and ANti-Sm

ANA is observed in what diseases

SLE and scleroderma

Most common screening test for syphillis

RPR

What kind of tests do you use to confirm syphillis

FTA-ABS (antihuman antibody) | MHA-TP

What does ANA look for

Connective tissue diseases

What will be present in a urinalysis for UTI

Def leukocyte esterase Blood Nitrite Protein can all be present

Uncontrolled diabetes and urinalysis

Glucose in urine above 180 can get into urine q

What kind of imaging does not show soft tissue

X ray

Lab Diagnositcs Flashcards

(107 cards)