Cellular Adaptations and Death

Question 1

What are the mechanisms that can cause atrophy

Answer 1

Decreased protein synthesis
Increased protein degradation

Question 2

What is the most common cause for hypertrophy

Answer 2

Increased workload
(skeletal muscles, uterus, heart)

Question 3

What causes an increase in the production of cellular proteins

Answer 3

mechanical stretch (more work)
Agonists (hormones, enzymes)
GFs

Question 4

What causes differentiation in metaplasia

Answer 4

Cytokines, GF, ECM signaling alter gene expression and lead to differentiation

Question 5

What are the general causes of cell injury

Answer 5

Hypoxia
Physical damage
Chemical damage
Infection
Immune reactions
Genetic derangement
Nutritional imbalances

Question 6

What does the response to cell unjury depend on

Answer 6

The nature, duration, and severity of the injury

Question 7

reversible injury - cell membrane

Answer 7

Blebbing
Distirtion

Question 8

reversible injury - ER

Answer 8

detachment of ribosomes

Question 9

reversible injury - mitochondria

Answer 9

amorphous densities

Question 10

reversible injury - lysozomes

Answer 10

Autophagy

Question 11

reversible injury - nuclei

Answer 11

chromatin clumping

Question 12

reversible injury - gross appearance

Answer 12

Pallor
Swelling
Increased weight
organ-opathy

Question 13

reversible injury - histo

Answer 13

Hydropic degeneration
Increased cell volume
Cytoplasm vacuolization
Peripheral nuclei

Question 14

Apoptsis:

Answer 14

Carefully regulated cell death

Question 15

What are the apoptotic pathways

Answer 15

Intrinsic and extrinsic

Question 16

What triggers the intrinsic pathway

Answer 16

Loss of stimulation or GFs

Question 17

What triggers the extrinsic pathway

Answer 17

Death receptors

Question 18

What do both apoptotic pathways result in (not the end result - where the pathways merge)

Answer 18

Executioner caspase activation

Question 19

Apoptosis - ultrastructure

Answer 19

Cell shrinkage
Condensation of nuclear chromatin and cytoplasm
Cytoplasmic blebs
Apoptotic bodies

Question 20

Apoptosis - histo

Answer 20

Single cells or small clusters
Round or oval, intensely eosinophilic cytoplasm
Dense nuclear chromatin
Minimal inflammation

Question 21

Can necrosis be physiologic

Answer 21

No

Question 22

Necrosis - mechanism

Answer 22

Permanent mitochondrial damage
Severe disturbance in membrane function
Ca influx –> activates phospholipase A

Question 23

Necrosis - cell membrane

Answer 23

Defects, myelin figures

Question 24

Necrosis - ER

Answer 24

Lysis, loss of ribosomes

Question 25

Necrosis - mitochondria

Answer 25

Large, amorphous densities

Question 26

Necrosis - lysosomes

Answer 26

rupture, release of enzymes

Question 27

Necrosis - nuclei

Answer 27

Pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis

Question 28

Pyknosis:

Answer 28

Nucleus is small and dense

Question 29

Karyorrhexis

Answer 29

Nucleus is in little fragments

Question 30

Karyolysis

Answer 30

Nucleus fades and disappears

Question 31

What are the main necrosis morphologies

Answer 31

Coagulative Liquefactive Caseous

Question 32

Coagulative necrosis - what happens

Answer 32

Enzymes denature tissues Structural outline is preserved

Question 33

coagulative necrosis - where does it happen

Answer 33

Any tissue except the brain

Question 34

coagulative necrosis - causes

Answer 34

Hypoxia, ischemia, acute toxicity, thermal injuries

Question 35

coagulative necrosis - gross

Answer 35

grey, white, yellow, or red Depressed Soft

Question 36

coagulative necrosis - histo

Answer 36

Tissue architecture preserved Homogenous eosinophilic area Nuclear change may or may not be present

Question 37

Liquefactive necrosis - what happens

Answer 37

Enzymatic or cellular degradation of cellular components Tissue architecture is not preserved

Question 38

Liquefactive necrosis - where does it happen

Answer 38

Any tissue ***ONLY type that occurs in the brain***

Question 39

Liquefactive necrosis - causes

Answer 39

Bacterial or fungal infection, severe burns, chemical injuries

Question 40

Liquefactive necrosis - gross

Answer 40

Creamy, opaque material oozes from tissue May or may not be encapsulated Can be hard to distinguish from inflammation

Question 41

Liquefactive necrosis - histo

Answer 41

Loss of recognizable tissue architecture and cellular details Eosinophilic proteinaceous material Cellular debris Variabel amounts of inflammation (depends on cause)

Question 42

Caseous necrosis - what is it

Answer 42

used to denote specific pathology Pathogens induce a specific response in tissue

Question 43

Caseous necrosis - gross

Answer 43

White, gray, yellow material Thick, pasty, cheese-like Dry, slightly greasy, firm May be lamellated May have areas of mineralization

Question 44

Caseous necrosis - histo

Answer 44

Loss of recognizable tissue architecture and cellular details Granulomatous and lymphocytic inflammation Giant cells May have mineralization

Question 45

Malacia:

Answer 45

Necrosis of the CNS Remember - brains only do liquefactive necrosis

Question 46

What is another term for fat necrosis

Answer 46

Saponification

Question 47

Main categories of saponification

Answer 47

Enzymatic Non-enzymatic (trauma)

Question 48

Dry gangrene:

Answer 48

Coagulative necrosis of an extremity

Question 49

Dry gangrene - gross

Answer 49

Shrunken and leathery Necrotic material may slough

Question 50

Dry gangrene - clinically

Answer 50

Cold and dark color

Question 51

Dry gangrene - histo

Answer 51

Coagulative necrosis Small numbers of bacteria

Question 52

Wet gangrene:

Answer 52

Liquefactive necrosis Happens when necrotic tissue retains moisture and warmth Superimposed bacterial infection

Question 53

wet gangrene - gross

Answer 53

Wet, dark, may contain gas pockets

Question 54

wet gangrene - histo

Answer 54

Liquifactive and coagulative necrosis, bacteria, gas bubbles

Question 55

Apoptosis - overall cell morphology

Answer 55

Shrunken and convoluted

Question 56

Necrosis - overall cell morphology

Answer 56

Swollen and disrupted