Cellular Adaption, Injury and Death (ppt2)

Question 1

What is atrophy?

Answer 1

a decrease in cell size and a lower level of function.

Question 2

What can cause atrophy?

Answer 2

• Disuse
• Denervation
• Loss of Endocrine stimulation
• Inadequate nutrition
• Ischemia or decreased blood flow.

Question 3

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 3

an increase in cell size and an increase of functioning tissue mass.

Question 4

What is hypertrophy caused by?

Answer 4

Caused by an increased workload on particular tissues (usually muscles)

Question 5

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 5

an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue.

Question 6

What can cause Hyper plasia?

Answer 6

• Physiologic causes:
  
  • Hormonal – cell signals trigger replication
  • Compensatory – damage or loss triggers replication as a means of replacement

Non-physiologic causes are excessive hormone interaction and viral infection.

Question 7

What is metaplasia

Answer 7

a reversible change where one adult cell type is replaced by another

if you remove irritation, it will go away

Question 8

What can cause metaplasia?

Answer 8

Caused by chronic irritation and inflammation that allows for the substitution.

Question 9

What is Dysplasia?

Answer 9

deranged cell growth of a specific tissue that results in cells that

Vary in size, shape, and organization. (CAN GO BACK EXCEPT IN CANCER)

Question 10

What can cause dysplasia?

Answer 10

Caused by irritation and inflammation, but can be reversible

if the irritant or inflammatory agent is removed.

Common precursor toCancer.

Question 11

Answer 11

Atrophic Heart

cells are smaller

Question 12

Answer 12

Normal adipose

Question 13

Answer 13

Adipose with atrophy

cells are smaller

Question 14

Answer 14

Normal Cardiac Muscle

Question 15

Answer 15

Hypertrophic Cardiac Muscle

notice how the cells seem more swollen

Question 16

Answer 16

Normal Thymus

Question 17

Answer 17

Hyperplastic Thymus

notice how there is less space between cells

Question 18

Answer 18

Normal Stomach

Question 19

Answer 19

Metaplasia of the epithelium of the stomach

notice how theres skin cells in the stomach that don’t belong here

Question 20

Answer 20

Normal Liver

Question 21

Answer 21

Dysplasia of the Liver

notice how the cells have almost completely lost shape

Question 22

What are some Normal body substances INTRAcellular accumalations (inside the cell)

Answer 22

Normal Body Substances

• Lipids
• Proteins
• Carbohydrates
• Melanin
• Bilirubin

Question 23

Answer 23

Liver with bilirubin accumalation

Question 24

What are Abnormal Endogenous Products intracellular accumalations caused by

Answer 24

Outcomes of Metabolic Errors

Question 25

What are exogenous agents?

Answer 25

Environmental Agents and Pigments

Question 26

What are two INTERcellular accumalations?

Answer 26

* Dystrophic Calcification * macroscopic deposition of Calcium salts in injured tissues and can be composed of the bodies of dead or dying cells. * Metastatic Calcification- * occurs in normal tissues as a result of increased serum Calcium levels (Hypercalcemia).

Question 27

Answer 27

Calcification of a Heart valve

Question 28

What are some physical causes of cell injury? (4)

Answer 28

* Mechanical Forces * Temperature Extremes * Electrical Injuries * Radiation Injuries

Question 29

What are some chemical causes of cell injury? (3)

Answer 29

* Drugs * Lead Toxicity * Mercury Toxicity

Question 30

What are biological causes of cell injury? (2)

Answer 30

* Viruses, Bacteria, Parasites * Venom

Question 31

What are some nutritional imbalance causes of cell injury?

Answer 31

* Dietary Deficiencies * Obesity

Question 32

What is free radical cell injury?

Answer 32

* highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons in their outer orbit react with molecules in their vicinity * chain reactions create MORE FREE RADICALS

Question 33

How are Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) created?

Answer 33

* regular metabolism * UV and ionizing radiation

Question 34

What is Oxidative Stress?

Answer 34

ROS are greater than their ability to neutralize them.

Question 35

What can happen after sustained Oxidative stress?

Answer 35

DNA DAMAGE

Question 36

What causes hypoxis cell injury?

Answer 36

* lack of oxygen to the cell interrupts oxidative respiration and the generation of ATP * causes cell damage or death. * A switch to anaerobic metabolism causes pH to greatly drop, * cell swelling can become unmanageable, * no ATP for the Sodium/Potassium pumps in the membrane

Question 37

What causes impaired Calcium Homeostasis?

Answer 37

* calcium must be in LOW LEVELS * Ischemia and certain toxins let TOO MUCH IN * Phospholipases, proteases, ATPases, and endonucleases are triggered

Question 38

Can cells reverse their injuries?

Answer 38

Heck yea (as long as its not too severe)

Question 39

What are the three choices for a cell when its in trouble?

Answer 39

* Recover, and back to normal * Apoptosis (a less dramatic normal death) * Necrosis (explode and kill everyone else too)

Question 40

What is apoptosis?

Answer 40

* nucleus and cytoplasm shrink and condense, * DNA fragments, * the cell them blebs off into apoptotic bodies that are digested by a Phagocytic cell. * **No inflammation!!!!!**

Question 41

What is necrosis?

Answer 41

* Inflammation!! * Explode all your diseases onto your neighbor cell * Interferes with cell replacement and tissue regeneration

Question 42

What is the evolutionary theory on why cells age?

Answer 42

we did not evolve to live endless lives,and are genetically predisposed to die after our reproductive capability is expended as a species. (you can't make babies so nature kills u)

Question 43

What is the molecular theory on why cells age?

Answer 43

aging as caused by an accumulation of mutations and changes in gene expression brought on by years of replications and environmental exposure. (your cells just break down like an old rusty bike)

Question 44

What is the cellular theory as to why cells age?

Answer 44

aging as caused by an accumulation of mutations and changes in gene expression brought on by years of replications and environmental exposure. (your cells can only multiply so much)

Question 45

What is the systems levels theory as to why cells age?

Answer 45

``` a decline in the integrated functions of organ systems such as the immune and neuroendocrine systems (systems that rule all the others). ``` (your systems just start to break down)