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Clinical Neuroscience > Cellular Anatomy + Neural Signaling > Flashcards

Cellular Anatomy + Neural Signaling Flashcards

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1
Q

Neurons =

A

excitable cells transmitting APs to neurons via synapse (=axon terminal, dendritic process of target cell, glial cell process)

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2
Q

Anatomy ~ neurons =

A

STABLE (no regeneration, no 1° neoplasia)

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3
Q

Gray Matter =

A

Unmyelinated Tissue (somas + dendrites)

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4
Q

White Matter =

A

Myelinated Tissue (somas + dendrites + white-l lipid in myelin)

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5
Q

Neurite =

A

process, such as dendrite or axon; # processes used to classify neuron

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6
Q

Multipolar Neurons: Define

A

most abundant neuron in CNS (pyramidal, Purkinje, motor) - Multiple dendrites branching from soma; single axon from axon hillock

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7
Q

Pseudounipolar Neurons: Define

A

sensory neurons in spinal ganglion - Single dendritic axon (sensory) to spinal cord, bypassing cell body (no processing)

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8
Q

Bipolar Neurons: Define

A

found in retina and olfactory epithelium

- Dendrite —> cell body (processing!) —> retina/olfactory epithelium

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9
Q

Axodendritic Synapse: Define

A

MC type; dendritic tree receives thousands of synapses = AP

Sum of signals depends on architecture of dendritic tree (Temperospatial Summation)

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10
Q

Axosomatic Synapses: Define

A

less common; ↑powerful signal b/c close to axon hillock

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11
Q

Axoaxonic Synapses: Define

A

↑powerful b/c close to axon hillock (↑/inhibit previous AP)

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12
Q

Dendrodendritic Synapse: Define

A

coordinated firing of neurons (phrenic nucleus neuron)

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13
Q

Principal Cells: Define

A

projection neurons b/c integrate info and send to other brain areas ~ long axon; aka Golgi Type I Cells

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14
Q

Interneuron: Define

A

local circuit neurons; local brain areas; Chandelier, basket, double bouqet cells ~ short/no axon; aka Golgi Type II

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15
Q

Glia (“Glue”) ~ what are they?

A

non-excitable (no AP generated); 50% of brain volume (10 glia/1 neuron)

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16
Q

Astroglia: fibrous (white matter), protoplasmic (gray matter), Muller Cells (retina)
Functions:

A

recycle/transfer neuroTx, ion homeostasis (via end-feet lining vessels of BBB), component of tripartite synapse

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17
Q

Oligodendroglia: Define

A

myelinating cells of CNS; wrap axons via cell processes = trophic support, protection, organize ion channels

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18
Q

Schwann Cells: Define

A

myelinating cells of PNS; one Schwann cell myelinates ONE axon (ONE internode)

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19
Q

Microglia: Define

A

monocyte/macrophage derived immune cells (phagocytose/APCs)

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20
Q

Polydendrocyte: Define

A

stem cells for both neurons + glial cells

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21
Q

Ependymal Cells: Define

A

ciliated/microvilli cuboid/columnar epithelium separates CSF from neuropil

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22
Q

Satellite Cell: Define

A

cuboidal cells from neural crest (modified Schwann/Oligo); act as ANS Astrocyte

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23
Q

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

Two Components:

A

a) Endothelium of Vessels: tight junc, ↓pinocytosis, BM

b) Astrocyte Processes (End-Feet): line vessel from neuropil side

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24
Q

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

Transport:

A

a) Diffusion: (passive) of lipophilic + gas + H2O

b) Active: all else

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25
Nernst Equation: Used?
used to determine the equilibrium potential | Note the potential of K is negative because ions move in ---> out
26
Goldmann Equation:
estimates the resting membrane potential
27
Action Potential Summary:
APs must be unidirectional (refractory), fast (↓capacitance/resistance), efficient (@ nodes only), simple (all/none)
28
Electrical Synapses:
charge/ion move via connexon (gap junction) - 6 Connexins per cell ---> connexon x 2 ---> Gap Junction - RAPID (no delay), bidirectional, pre-/post cells must match - Areas where neurons req sync
29
Chemical Synapse:
no charge/ion movement; neuroTx
30
Chemical Synapse: - Excitatory =
Gray’s Type I / asymmetric (post-syn density)
31
Chemical Synapse: - Inhibitory =
Gray’s Type II / symmetric (pre/post = density) | - DELAYED (Δsignal), unidirectional
32
Excititory Post-synaptic potential (EPSP): caused by?
- Na Channel ---> generates EPSP brining membrane potential closer to threshold (adds + into cell)
33
Inhibitory Post-synaptic Potential (IPSP): caused by?
- Cl Channel ---> generates IPSP taking membrane potential away from threshold (adds - into cell)
34
NMJ:
anatomically specialized end plate for ↑safety/quanta via ↑release sites, ↑quantal content, ↑receptors
35
CNS (Central Synapses):
much simpler synapse, but more diverse neuroTx; ↓quantal content, ↓safety, post synaptic potentials (PSP) are small, requiring summation for AP
36
Temporospatial Stimulation:
AP are all/nothing, but PSPs are graded; EPSPs can be “added” to reach threshold if nearby and in occur similar time (det by RC time constant)
37
Receptors: neuroTx bind ionotropic
binding opens ion channel
38
Receptors: neuroTx bind metabotropic
activates G-Protein ---> Δion flow directly/via 2nd messenger - G protein effects are neuromodulatory; do not Δpolarization directly but Δsignaling, excitability, function
39
Glutamate: synthesized/function
synthesized from glutamine by astrocytes (recycle); released glutamate +/- shuttled into Krebs Cycle
40
Glutamate: Ionotropic Receptors:
NMDA + AMPA + Kainate ---> binding of glutamate causes influx of cations ---> EXCITATORY NMDA: unique b/c constantly blocked by Mg when unbound; when glutamate binds, all cations (Na + Ca) flow in
41
Glutamate: Metabotropic Receptors:
mGluRs (metabotropic glutamate receptors) ---> EXCITATORY
42
GABA + Glycine:
MC INHIBITORY neuroTx
43
Glycine (Spinal Cord):
binds to ionotropic receptor ---> Cl- Influx ---> INHIBITORY
44
GABA (CNS) Ionotropic:
GABA_a + GABA_c ---> Cl- Influx ---> INHIBITORY
45
GABA (CNS) Metabotropic:
GABA_b ---> ↑K+ Influx but ↓Ca2+ efflux ---> NET INHIBITORY
46
AcH: found/function
found in CNS (forebrain) and PNS (ganglionic transmission + NMJ); no reuptake but AcHesterase inactivates AcH
47
AcH: Ionotropic
Nicotinic: ionotropic receptors coupled to non-specific cation channel
48
AcH: Metabotropic
Muscarinic: metabotropic receptors coupled to G-proteins (M1/M3 = Gq; M2 = Gi)
49
Dopamine: receptor type?
metabotropic receptors (D1 = Gs, Excitatory, D2 = Gi, Inhibitory) involved in emotion, reward and motivation
50
Nor/Epi: receptor types?
metabotropic (ɑ1 = Gq, ɑ2 = Gi, β1 = Gs, β2 = Gs, all excitatory) involved in wakefullness and attention Recall: synth from Tyrosine ---> L-Dopa ---> Dopa ---> NorEpi ---> Epi ---(inactivated)---> reuptake / COMT + MAO
51
Histamine: receptor type?
metabotropic (H1 = Gq, H2 = Gs, all excitatory) involved in wakefullness
52
Serotonin: receptor type? synthesized?
many metabotrobic, one ionotropic (excitatory); metabotropic are both excitatory/inhibitory Recall: synth from Tryptophan ---> 5-Hydroxytryptophan ---> 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT = Serotonin)
53
ATP ~ Cotransmitter + Neuromodulator
(b/c released with other neuroTx) + (b/c actions ↑ or ↓ action of other neuroTx)
54
ATP P2X:
ionotropic receptors - excitatory (ATP ---> Adenosine [purine])
55
ATP P2Y:
metabotropic receptors - both
56
P-Lipid Membrane ~ RC Circuit ~
Battery (membrane potential E_k) + Resistor (Ion Channels) in series + Capacitor (Membrane) in ||
57
Resistance:
limits flow of charge (ion flow) = 1/g (1/conductance)
58
Capacitance:
element that stores charge ~ two conductors w/separating insulator (↓insulation = ↑charge storage = ↓active current)
59
Current =
I_m (total membrane current) = I_c (capacitative current) + I_i (ionic current)
60
Consequence of RC Circuitry:
signal propagation will decay exponentially w/↑distance 1/e of the max every time constant (ƛ)

Clinical Neuroscience (14 decks)

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