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Clinical Neuroscience > Brain Structures > Flashcards

Brain Structures Flashcards

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1
Q

Forebrain =

A

Telencephalon (Cerebrum = 2x Cerebral Hemispheres) + Diencephalon (Thalamus, Hypo-/Subthalamus)

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2
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres = covering of

A

gray matter + white matter + deep structures (basal ganglion, limbic struct)

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3
Q

Separating cerebral hemispheres =

A

Longitudinal Fissures

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4
Q

Separating temporal lobe from parietal/frontal lobes =

A

Lateral / Sylvian Fissures

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5
Q

Separating occipital lobe from parietal lobe (seen only in medial surface) =

A

Parietooccipital Fissures

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6
Q

Frontal Lobe: separated from parietal lobe by

A

central sulcus

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7
Q

Pre-Central Gyrus:

A

area directly anterior to central sulcus = contains 1° motor areas

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8
Q

Frontal Lobe Lateral + Medial Surfaces:

A

initiate AND regulate voluntary motor activity

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9
Q

Frontal Lobe (Left) Lateral Surface:

A

contains Broca Motor Speech Area (motor aspect of language)

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10
Q

Frontal Lobe Medial Surface:

A

emotional aspects of behavior = Cingulate Gyrus

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11
Q

Frontal Lobe Prefontal Association Areas:

A

remainder of frontal lobe; emotion, motivation, personality, social inhibition

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12
Q

Parietal Lobe:

A

associated with somatosensory function = self-perception / spatial orientation

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13
Q

Post-Central Gyrus:

A

area directly posterior to central sulcus = contains 1° somatosensory area

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14
Q

Parietal Lobe Lateral + Medial Surface:

A

cortical processing of pain, touch and limb position

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15
Q

Parietal Lobe (Left) Lateral Surface:

A

sensory aspects of language in Wernicke Area

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16
Q

Occipital Lobe:

A

associated with visual information

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17
Q

Occipital Lobe Calacrine Sulcus:

A

located on medial surface; on either side of sulcus are 1° Visual Areas

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18
Q

Occipital Lobe Visual Association Areas:

A

surround 1° visual areas; mediate seeing and recognition

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19
Q

Temporal Lobe:

A

associated with auditory information

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20
Q

Superior Temporal Gyrus:

A

ability to hear and process what is heard

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21
Q

Temporal Lobe Lateral Surface:

A

perception of language

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22
Q

Temporal Lobe Anterior/Medial Surfaces:

A

learning, memory and emotion

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23
Q

Limbic Lobe:

A

not true lobe; ring of cortex covering frontal, temporal and parietal lobes
Forms Cingulate and Parahippocampal Gyri = overlies limbic system structures

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24
Q

Basal Ganglia: Definition/Function

A

interconnected nuclei contributed by forebrain, diencephalon and midbrain
Function to initiate and control voluntary movement; smooths out motor movements of limbs and axial muscles

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25
Forebrain: Basal Ganglia:
deep in cerebral hemispheres = caudate nucleus and stratium (plutamen + globus pallidus) nuclei
26
Diencephalon: Basal Ganglia:
contributes subthalamic nuclei
27
Midbrain: Basal Ganglia:
contributes substantia nigra
28
Limbic Structures: associated with
drive, emotion, learning, memory | Deep forebrain contributions are amygdala (tip of tail caudate nuclei) + hippocampus (both located in temporal lobe)
29
Association Fibers:
within same hemisphere
30
Commissural Fibers:
to similar area in other hemisphere; largest = corpus callosum
31
Projection Fibers:
in/out of cortex; largest = coronoa radiata bundled into internal capsule
32
Diencephalon:
paired structures around 3rd Ventricle | Includes: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, & Subthalamus
33
Thalamus:
gatekeeper for the cortex; processes sensory (except olfactory) > motor info on way to cortex
34
Hypothalamus
integrates endocrine, autonomic function
35
Subthalamus:
contains subthalamic nuclei contribution to basal ganglion; important in movement/muscle tone
36
Brainstem =
conduit (ascending/descending paths) + integrative via reticular formation nuclei in midline + CNs
37
Midbrain Organization
Most rostral areas ~ sup/mid/inf cerebral peduncles (anterior) + sup/inf colliculi (posteriorly) Peduncles = extensions of internal capsule; corticospinal (spinal cord) + corticobulbar (brainstem) tracts Colliculi = superior = visual reflexes; inferior = auditory reflexes
38
Midbrain Important Structures:
cerebral aqueduct (connect 3rd + 4th ventricles) + red nucleus / substantia nigra (deep)
39
Hindbrain ~
Pons + Medulla
40
Pons | - Anterior surface =
basal pons = bundles of longitudinal corticospinal fibers + transverse pontocerebellar fibers
41
Pons | - Transverse pontine nuclei =
transfer information from transverse pontocerebellar fibers to opp cerebellum via middle cerebellar peduncle
42
Pons | - Posterior surface =
4th ventricle and superior cerebellar peduncle
43
Medulla:
most caudal component; fuses with spinal cord
44
Medulla: | - Anterior surface
mainly pyramids containing descending corticospinal fibers
45
Medulla: | - Lateral surface
mainly olives overling olivary nuclear complex (modulates motor activity)
46
Medulla: | - Posterior surface
mainly caudal 4th ventricle
47
Medulla: | - Posterio-lateral
surface mainly inferior cerebellar peduncle
48
Medulla: | - Caudal most portion =
4th ventricle narrows ---> central canal of spinal cord
49
Caudal Medulla
has decussation of pyramids (crossing) anteriorly and fasiculus gracilis + cuneatus (sensory) post
50
Cerebellum =
outgrowth of pons overlying 4th ventricle
51
Cerebellum | Organization:
two hemispheres with central vermis and cortex covering surface Attached to brainstem via cerebellar peduncles (recall surface of pons) Carry information to/from cerebellum via peduncles
52
Ventricular System ~
Fluid-Filled Brain Space
53
Lateral Ventricles:
associated with the four structural lobes of the cerebrum near caudate nucleus
54
Third Ventricle:
via ventricular foramen of Monro; think diencephalon structures (thalamus)
55
Fourth Ventricle:
communicates w/3rd ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct or aqueduct of Sylvius. Cerebral aqueduct (perfectly midline) is surrounded by midbrain; 4th ventricle by brainstem.
56
CSF Functions:
↓ weight (suspend), “lymph” function, intra-thecal injections, neuroTx (widespread fx)
57
CSF Circulation ~
Lateral --> 3rd --> 4th --> Subarachnoid Space + Central Canal of Spinal Cord --> Reabsorption
58
4th --> Subarachnoid:
via lateral foramina of Luschka and medial foramen of Magendie
59
4th --> Central Canal:
direct narrowing of 4th ventricle
60
CSF Circulation Pattern:
posterior around spinal cord (10% reabs) ---> back to subarachnoid space anteriorly ---> 90% reabsorbed
61
CSF Reabsorption:
via arachnoid granulations from subarachnoid space into superior sagittal venous sinus
62
Arachnoid granulations =
1-way valve that allow flow into venous sinus but not back; also have tight junctions
63
Hydrocephalus ~
Water Head ~ ↑CSF in Brain
64
Hydrocephalus Non-Obstructive:
damage/blockage to arachnoid granulations / 1-way valve (meningitis) ---> ↓absorption ---> ↑CSF
65
Hydrocephalus Obstructive:
obstruction prevents normal circulation (tumor/developmental issue) ---> ↑ ventricle size
66
Hydrocephalus Treatment:
surgical shunt from ventricle ---> peritoneal cavity (CSF can be absorbed)
67
Choroid Plexus Structure:
outpouching of capillaries and pia mater into ventricular space
68
Choroid Plexus - Triple Lining:
capillary, pia, and choroid epithelium (ventricle epithelium lining plexus) - Ventricular epi not lining plexus = Ependymal Cells with Gaps - Note choroid cells have tight junctions (prevent toxic substances from blood)
69
CSF Production:
capillary ---> active tx thru choroid epi ---> passive H2O (osmolarity)
70
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) Structure:
systemic caps have fenestration; brain cap has tight junction In addition, neuropil side of capillary provides astrocyte foot processes lining cap
71
If asked “What is BBB?” answer
“Tight Junctions btw Capillary Endothelium”
72
Circumventricular Organs: monitor
blood chemistry
73
Circumventricular Organs: areas LACK a
BBB so they can sample the blood chemistry & alter brain function / protective brain mechanisms
74
Circumventricular Organs: - Location: - Examples:
``` line the ventricular system (∴ “Circumventricular”) organ vasculosum (monitor electrolyte balance) and neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary, concern hormone function) ```
75
Dura Mater - Separation of - Innervation: - Blood:
periosteal/meningeal layer = sinuses ant/mid = CN V; post = CN X (Meningeal) middle meningeal artery (epidural hematoma)
76
Arachnoid Mater - Attach to - Subarachnoid space = - Subdural space
pia via arachnoid trabeculae (collagen) cerebral arteries/veins if bleed btw subarachnoid/dura mater
77
Pia Mater - Follows - Vessels penetrating - they get a sleeve of pia =
gyri and sulci neuropil from subarachnoid space perivascular space
78
the joining of meningeal layers of dura mater --->
thick membranes such as falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, diaphragma sella, falx cerebelli
79
True (Non-Pathologic, Exists Normally) Epidural Space in Spinal Cord
Recall that dura mater has no periosteal layer in the spinal cord; ∴ true epidural space exists containing fatty tissue and venous plexus
80
Continuation of Meningeal Layers in Peripheral Nerves ~
dura & arachnoid mater continue (not PIA); form epineurium (dura) & perineurium (arachnoid)
81
Extradural Hematoma
(Btw Bone + Osteal Dura Mater) | - Outside trauma --> mid meningeal artery
82
Subdural Hematoma
(“Shaken Baby Syndrome”) | - Shake ruptures bridging veins btw sinus/cerebral vein
83
Subarachnoid Hematoma
- Seen with arterial aneurysm (“Worst headache ever!”)
84
Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) | Course
Enters skull via carotid foramen ---> bony canal (no lacerum) ---> carotid canal ---> cavernous sinus ---> hairpin turn - At hairpin, gives off first branch = Opthalmic Artery - Post hairpin, joins Circle of Willis (CoW)
85
Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) Provides Majority of
Anterior Arterial Circulation
86
Vertebral Artery | Course
subclavian -> C6 to C1 Transverse Foramen ---> Foramen Magnum ---> Basilar Artery (medulla/pons junction)
87
``` Circle of Willis (CoW) ICA System (recall prior to CoW gives of opthalmic a at hairpin) ```
- Receive posterior communicating aa as continuing on as middle cerebral arteries - Proximally gives off medial / lateral lenticulostriate aa - Gives off anterior cerebral arteries which are connected by A1 Segment & Anterior Communicating aa - A1 segment refers to part of anterior cerebral artery proximal to anterior communicating a; A2 is distal
88
Circle of Willis (CoW) | Vertebrobasilar System
- Vertebral a ascend ---> give off posterior inferior cerebellar aa ---> form basilar a & give off anterior inferior cerebellar aa, pontine aa & superior cerebellar aa - Terminate into posterior cerebral aa which connect to ICA via posterior communicating arteries
89
Veins
- Superior Sagittal Sinus + Straight Sinus ---> Confluence of Sinus ---> Transverse ---> Sigmoid ---> IJV
90
Recall straight sinus =
inferior sagittal sinus + Great Cerebral Vein of Galen
91
Recall superior petrosal sinus --->
transverse sinus BUT inferior petrosal sinus ---> sigmoid / IJV

Clinical Neuroscience (14 decks)

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