Cellular Biochemistry

Question 1

Physiology

Answer 1

study of the function as integrated systems of molecules, cells, tissues and organs

Question 2

Homeostasis

Answer 2

organism’s ability to return to stable state among internal/external conditions

Question 3

negative feedback

Answer 3

provides upper limit to system. most functions

Question 4

sensor

Answer 4

monitoring enviromental condtions

Question 5

Integrator

Answer 5

compare monitored parameter to set point

Question 6

effector

Answer 6

makes adjustments to return to setpoint

Question 7

Positive feedback

Answer 7

accelerates changes, rare & can cause instablity. Ex childbirth

Question 8

Cells/Tissues

Answer 8

distinct in size, shape, composition, structures, and functional range

Question 9

organs

Answer 9

group of cells/tissues to preform specific set of activities

Question 10

System

Answer 10

set of organs working toward coomon functional purpose

Question 11

Metabolism

Answer 11

sum of anabolic and catabolic processes

Question 12

Proteins

Answer 12

Monomer: amino acids Polymer: proteins, polypeptides
linked by peptide bonds. Linear sequence det by folding & mRNA. carboxyl group, amino group, R group. functions: structural, catalyst, sensors, fuel

Question 13

Nucleic Acid

Answer 13

Monomer: nucleotides
Polymer: chains of nucleotides. Linked by phospodiester bonds, sugar base+ phosphate group + nitrogenous base.(3’: OH+5’)Functions: chemical messengers, energy storage, units of DNA

Question 14

lipids

Answer 14

Monomer: fatty acid, glycerol
Polymer: Di- & tri- glycerides, phospolipids. Linked by ester bonds, low solubility. Function solubile membrane, structure, chemical messenger.

Question 15

Carbohydrates

Answer 15

Monomer: monosaccharides
Polymer: di-, oligo- polysaccharides. Linked by glycosidic bond. Carbon ring. Functions: energy storage, fuel, structure, cellular recognition

Question 16

Similarities in Cells

Answer 16

Sense & respond to surrounding condition, store & acces info, generate and use chemical energy, interact w non-cellular parts

Question 17

Differences in Cells

Answer 17

Size, shape, function, polarity, tissue adherence, reponse to stimuli, ablity to replicate, lifespan

Question 18

Stem Cells

Answer 18

self renew unchanged or differentiate into different cells

Question 19

Multipotency

Answer 19

capacity for cell to differentiate

Question 20

Differentiate

Answer 20

can’t proliferate, can’t further differentiate

Question 21

Senescence, apoptosis

Answer 21

cell death

Question 22

Nucleus

Answer 22

Info storage and retrieval, surrounded by nuclear envelope. contains chromatin, has things for replication & transcription

Question 23

Mitochondria

Answer 23

Site of energy metabolism. Krebs Cycle, oxidative phophorylation. Has own DNA

Question 24

Ribosomes

Answer 24

Protein synthesis. Contains RNA, site for translation

Question 25

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 25

Synthesis Protein = rough Syntheszie lipids= smooth synthsizing, folding, midfication and transport

Question 26

Golgi apparatus

Answer 26

Protein sorting, modification, export. Receives vesicles from ER w newly synthesized proteins

Question 27

Proteasome

Answer 27

Degradation of non-functional or mis-folded protein

Question 28

Lysosome

Answer 28

Degradation of internal & ingested material

Question 29

Plasma Membrane

Answer 29

Defines cell boundary

Question 30

Simple Diffusion

Answer 30

passive transport. Dependent on solubility, charge, size, and gradient

Question 31

Facilitated Transport

Answer 31

Passive transport. Aided by transport protein, but still depend on gradient

Question 32

Active transport

Answer 32

uses energy from ATP hydrolysis

Question 33

Primary Active

Answer 33

Requires hydrolysis of ATP ATP hydrolysis occurs during the transport event

Question 34

Secondary Active

Answer 34

Requires hydrolysis of ATP transport is secondary to the establishment of the potential energy gradient

Question 35

Symporter

Answer 35

movement of material in the same direction

Question 36

Antiporter

Answer 36

movement of material in opposite direction

Question 37

Glycolysis

Answer 37

Cytoplasm. Net gain of 2 ATP, 2 NADH

Question 38

Krebs Cycle

Answer 38

Mitochondria. 3 units NADH, 1 GTP, 1 FADH2

Question 38

Krebs Cycle

Answer 38

Mitochondria. 3 units NADH, 1 GTP, 1 FADH2

Question 39

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 39

Inner mitochondrial membrane. Lots of ATP

Question 40

Ligands

Answer 40

usually soluble chemical signals w extracellular compounds

Question 41

Receptors

Answer 41

signals reside in plasma membrane

Question 42

Second Messengers

Answer 42

inside cell produced following ligand-receptors interactions. can quickly terminate cellular response

Question 43

Signal Transduction

Answer 43

cascade of protein phosphorylation reactions

Question 44

RNA polymerase

Answer 44

makes RNA polymer which is DNA template

Question 45

mRNA

Answer 45

formed from DNA template, directs synthesis of proteins

Question 46

Central Dogma

Answer 46

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

Question 47

Neuro/Musclular

Answer 47

acteylcholine

Question 48

Special Senses

Answer 48

Odorants

Question 49

Endocrine

Answer 49

Estrogen

Question 50

Cardiovascular

Answer 50

VEGF

Question 51

Respiratory

Answer 51

epinephrine

Question 52

Renal

Answer 52

ADH/vasopressin

Question 53

Gastrointestinal

Answer 53

Ghrelin