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cellular biology Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

the theory that all living organisms are made of cells and can replicate

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2
Q

name four types of eukaryotic cell

A

animal cells
plant cells
fungi cells
protoctista cells

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3
Q

name a prokaryote

A

bacteria cell

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4
Q

name an akaryote

A

a virus

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5
Q

why are viruses not classed as living things?

A

they are not made of cells and cannot replicate on their own

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6
Q

what is the structure of a virus?

A

all viruses contain DNA or RNA (nucleic acid) surrounded by a protein coat. some viruses are also protected by a viral envelope.

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7
Q

which organelles are found in plant, animal and prokaryotic cells?

A

cell membrane and cytoplasm

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8
Q

what are the key characteristics of eukaryotic cells?

A

they have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

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9
Q

what is the structure/function of the cytoplasm?

A

structure: none, contains many enzymes
function: site of chemical reactions

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10
Q

what is the structure/function of the cell membrane?

A

structure: made of phospholipids
function: controls what enters/leaves the cell

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11
Q

which organelles are found in prokaryotes?

A

all: nucleoid, ribosomes (70s), cell wall, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mesosome
some: slime capsule, flagellum, pilus, plasmid

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12
Q

what is the structure/function of the nucleoid?

A

structure: made of DNA
function: DNA replication, protein synthesis

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13
Q

what is the structure/function of the slime capsule?

A

structure: slimy coat
function: prevents dehydration, protects the cell from the host’s immune system (e.g. detection by white blood cells) and antibiotics

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14
Q

what is the structure/function of the flagellum?

A

structure: made of protein
function: helps cell to move

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15
Q

what is the structure/function of the pilus?

A

structure: tiny hairs
function: allows bacteria to attach to each other

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16
Q

what is the structure/function of the plasmid?

A

structure: small ring of DNA
function: provides extra genes e.g. antibiotic resistance

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17
Q

what is the structure/function of the mesosome?

A

structure: folds in the cell membrane
function: aerobic respiration

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18
Q

which organelles are found in plant cells?

A

cell membrane, cell wall, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, golgi body, mitochondria, ribosomes (80s), chloroplast, plasmodesmata, permanent vacuole, lysosome, cytoplasm

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19
Q

what is the difference between a plant cell and prokaryote cell wall?

A

prokaryotes: cell wall made of peptidoglycan
plant cells: call wall made of cellulose

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20
Q

what is the function of the cell wall?

A

to provide structure to the cell/maintain its shape

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21
Q

what is the function of chloroplasts?

A

photosynthesis

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22
Q

what is the structure/function of the plasmodesmata?

A

structure: gap in cell wall
function: allows diffusion between cells

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23
Q

what is the structure/function of the (permanent) vacuole?

A

structure: a fluid-filled space surrounded by a membrane (tonoplast)
function: stores H2O and minerals (cell sap)

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24
Q

what is a grama?

A

a group/stack of thylakoids (found in chloroplasts)

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25
what is a lamellae?
the bridge between grama
26
what is the stroma?
the space in a chloroplast (similar to a cytoplasm)
27
which organelles are not found in plant cells?
centrioles
28
name the structures that are found inside a chloroplast
thylakoid (contains chlorophyll) grama (group of thylakoids) lamellae (bridge btwn grama) 70s ribosomes double membrane loop of DNA stroma ("cytoplasm") starch granule lipid droplet
29
which organelles are found inside animal cells?
centriole, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body, lysosome, ribosomes (80s), mitochondria
30
what is the structure/function of centrioles?
structure: two perpendicular tubes near/next to nucleus function: produces fibres needed for cell division
31
what are the two parts of the endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.)?
smooth E.R. rough E.R.
32
what is the structure/function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
structure: attached to the nucleus, studded with ribosomes, formed by flattened sacs (cisternae) function: make and transport proteins
33
what is the structure/function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
structure: formed by cisternae, no ribosomes function: produces lipids
34
what is the structure/function of the golgi body?
structure: semicircular cisternae function: modifies proteins
35
what is the difference between 70s and 80s ribosomes?
70s- smaller, found in prokaryotes and organelles e.g. chloroplasts and mitochondria 80s- larger, found in eukaryotes
36
what is the structure/function of ribosomes?
structure: two subunits (one smaller and one larger) function: protein synthesis
37
what is the structure/function of lysosomes?
structure: vesicles containing digestive enzymes function: digest + recycle damaged organelles
38
what is the function of the mitochondria?
aerobic respiration- produces ATP (a store of energy)
39
name the structures found inside mitochondria
double membrane intermembrane space 70s ribosomes circular DNA matrix (space- like a cytoplasm) cristae (folds of inner membrane)
40
what is the function of the nucleus?
control cell activity and hold genetic information
41
name the structures found inside the nucleus
nuclear envelope nuclear pore nucleoplasm (contains chromatin) chromatin (DNA wrapped around histone proteins) nucleolus
42
what is the function of the nuclear pore?
allows mRNA and other specific proteins to leave the nucleus
43
what is the function of the nucleolus?
ribosome synthesis
44
what is the equation to calculate magnification?
magnification = image size/actual size
45
what is the equation to calculate the magnification of a microscope?
eyepiece lens magnification x objective lens magnification
46
which two pieces of equipment are needed to calibrate a microscope?
eyepiece graticule stage micrometer
47
how do you convert from millimeters to micrometers?
x1000
48
how do you convert from micrometers to millimeters
/1000
49
what are the features of the eyepiece graticule?
in the eyepiece does not get magnified made up of 100 sections called eyepiece units (epu)
50
what are the features of of the stage micrometer?
sits on the stage gets magnified made up of 100 sections called stage micrometer units/stage micrometer divisions (smd)
51
name some evidence that mitochondria/chloroplasts were once independent prokaryotic cells
-contain 70s ribosomes -DNA is free and naked -similar size to bacteria -divide by binary fission
52
what is the endosymbiotic theory?
the theory of how mitochondria/chloroplasts became organelles
53
what does 'symbiotic' mean?
to work together
54
what are the basic stages of the endosymbiotic theory?
1. an early eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell that respires/photosynthesises 2. eukaryotic cell engulfs prokaryote and makes it a permanent feature 3. prokaryote gains an additional cell membrane from eukaryote
55
what are the benefits of a symbiotic relationship to the prokaryotes?
-protection from the environment -direct source of glucose to mitochondria/water and carbon dioxide to chloroplast
56
what are the benefits of a symbiotic relationship to the eukaryotes?
-gain new functions (mitochondria produce ATP and chloroplast produces glucose)
57
what is the definition of a cell?
the basic unit of all living things
58
what is the definition of a tissue?
a group of similar/different cells working together to perform a specific function
59
what is the definition of an organ?
different tissues working together to perform a specific function
60
what is the definition of organ systems?
different organs working together to support the whole system
61
what is the definition of an organ system?
different organ systems working together to support the whole organism
62
what are the levels of organisation?
organism->organ systems->organs->tissues->cells
63
what are the characteristics of epithelial tissue types?
-sit on a basement layer -continuous layer -line internal/external body surfaces -many have protective or secretory function
64
what are the different types of epithelial tissue cells?
columnar with microvilli ciliated columnar squamous cuboidal
65
where are columnar epithelial tissues found? (one example)
small intestine
66
where are ciliated columnar epithelial tissues found? (two examples)
trachea, fallopian tube
67
where are squamous epithelial tissues found? (two examples)
kidneys, alveoli (in lungs)
68
what are the characteristics of connective tissue?
-connects, supports or separates tissues and organs -contains elastic and collagen fibres in an extracellular (outside of cell) fluid
69
name three examples of where connective tissues are found
bone, fat, blood
70
what are the three types of muscle tissue?
smooth, skeletal and cardiac
71
what are the characteristics of smooth muscle tissue?
- unstriated - found in various locations around the body e.g. blood vessels - gets tired slowly (low power) - involuntary
72
what are the characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue?
-striated -parallel strands -attached to bones e.g. in the leg -gets tired quickly (high power) -voluntary
73
what are the characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue?
-striated -not parallel -found in the heart - does not get tired - involuntary

BIOLOGY (8 decks)

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