Cellular function/adaptation Flashcards
(24 cards)
Define:
Atrophy
Hyper trophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia (Atypical Hyperplasia)
atrophy is the decrease SIZE and (sometimes) number of cells due to lack of use or resource. AGING causes atrophy.
hypertrophy is the increase in cell size. results in increased organ size
hyperplasia is the increase number of cells due to stimuli (wound healing, pathological).
metaplasia is the reversible change of one cell to another type of cell less mature. e.g chronic irritation and inflammation from smoking changes, common in epithelial cells.
differentiate:
Apoptosis
Necrosis
Necroptosis
Autophagy
Apoptosis: programmed cell death. Nucleus condenses, cell wall blebs (becomes more maleable). Expels cell fragments with cytoplasm in “Apoptotic bodies”
Necrosis: rapid loss of plasma membrane, organelle dysfunction, or mitochondria dysfunction. Caused by ischemia or hypoxic injury. Leads to tissue injury, cell swelling, membrane rupture. (MI, Gangrene, stroke)
Necroptosis: programmed necrosis, regulated
Autophagy: cells use lysosomes to eat non-functioning organelles due to nutrient deficiency or damage
Benign Tumor prefixes
fibrous tissue
Fat
cartilage
bone
smooth muscle
skeletal muscle
blood vessels
lymph vessels
glandular epithelium
surface epithelium
Fibrous tissue
Fibro- → Fibroma Benign fibrous tissue tumor
Fat
Lipo- → Lipoma Benign fat tumor
Cartilage
Chondro- → Chondroma Benign cartilage tumor
Bone
Osteo- → Osteoma Benign bone tumor
Smooth muscle
Leiomyo- → Leiomyoma
Benign smooth muscle tumor
Skeletal muscle Rhabdomyo- → Rhabdomyoma
Benign skeletal muscle tumor
Blood vessels Hemangio- → Hemangioma
Benign blood vessel tumor
Lymph vessels Lymphangio- → Lymphangioma
Benign lymphatic tumor
Glandular epithelium Adeno- → Adenoma Benign glandular tumor
Surface epithelium
Papilloma or Polyp Benign squamous or mucosal tumor
difference between benign and malignant tumors
benign: similar to normal cells, differentiated. Slow grown, encapsulated. Usually remains localized, rare systemic effects.
Malignant: varied sizes and shapes, mitosis is increased and atypical. Invades surrounding tissue using blood or lymph vessels.
what tissue do these malignant terms affect?
carcinoma
sarcoma
leukemia/lymphoma
carcinoma: epithelial. e.g. adenocarcinoma
sarcoma: connective. e.g. osteosarcoma
leukemia/lymphoma: hemapoetic, blood and blood products
what are oncogenes? how does it cause cancer?
the mutation of genes, even the change of a single allele.
gain-of-function, can cause excessive cell growth or proliferation. Occur in somatic cells not germline (sperm/egg) cells, so they are not inherited.
purpose of proto-oncogenes? Tumor suppressor genes?
proto-oncogenes: normal genes that help the cells function normally with division and proliferation. Proto (PROTOCOL)
tumor suppressor genes - suppress cellular grown and division. May regulate cell cycle and apoptosis.
how are tumor suppressor genes inactivated?
mutation must be on two alleles; one from each parent. if only on one germline cell then it may be transmitted leading to high risk cancer.
contributors to cancer that make it survive and difficult to eradicate.
Cancer contains rare stem cell to eradicate the stem cells must be targeted.
abnormal gene silencing (inactivation of normal genes that help regular function. intellegence, tumor suppression gene, etc.)
tumors secrete factors that stimulate new blood vessel grown or create access to the vascular system. Angiogenesis
purpose of telomerase in cancer
cancer can replicate limitlessly due to the activation of this enzyme (maintains telomeres which protects DNA from degradation or damage)
normally when somatic cells divide the telomeres shorten, until to a certain point apoptosis occurs.
define prognosis, remission.
prognosis: pt’s likelihood of surviving cancer. the more the cancer spreads or if it takes the lymph system/circulatory system the lower the prognosis
remission: period when cancer is responding to treatment and under control.
Cure is the 5 year survival without recurrence after diagnosis and treatment
differentiate autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, x-linked recessive
dom: only needs one mutated allele, 1 copy (Xx), heterozygous. NON-sex chromosome involved. 50/50 chance
recessive: needs two copies (xx) , non-sex chromosome. 25%. both parents are carriers
x-linked recessive: based off of the X-chromosome (sex chromosome). needs 1 in males, or 2 in females XX or XY. usually from mother to son. Gene is expressed in males more commonly because there isn’t a second X to make up for the mutated X.
Marfan syndrome:
inheritance pattern?
Clinical manifestation?
Dx and Tx
Autosomal dominant
skeletal - increased height, tall, slender, with long extremities. Sternum defects (funnel chest or pigeon breast). scoliosis
cardiac - aortic defects, dilation, coarctation, risk of rupture or bleeding
brain and spinal cord can swell
dx/ tx - family history, skin biopsy for fibrillin, x-rays, and echocardiogram.
B-blockers to reduce cardiac deformities from decrease BP. Surgery.
Difference between polyploidy, trisomy, and monosomy
Normal (euploid) is a somatic cell with 23 chromosomes or pairs
polyploidy - ANeuploidy or abnormality multiple copies of each chromosome. 3 sets or 4 sets times. (69 or 96 ) Lethal
Trisomy - 3 copies of a single chromosome. Total number of chromosome 47. Down syndrome (trisomy 21) extra 21st chromosome
Monosomy- 1 missing chromosome, 45 total. Turner syndrome. Monosomy X (only females)
Phenylketonuria:
inheritance pattern?
clinical manifestations?
dx/tx?
autosomal recessive (xx)
deficiency of phenylalamine hydroxylase (enzyme) that breaks down proteins/phenylalaline and aspartame.
clinical manifestations: failure to reach grown milestones, neuro decline, musty smelling urine, thinning hair, eczema, psych disorders.
dx/tx: prenatal screening
eat diet low in phenylalanine, breast milk should be monitors. Supplementation for phenylalanine can be given. Oral meds to lower phenylalanine.
tay-sachs disease
cause?
inheritance pattern?
clinical manifestation?
dx/tx?
defect on chromosome 15, for enzyme hexosaminidase A. For the purpose of metabolizing lipids called gangliosides.
hint…ganglio- NERVES, nervous system
Autosomal recessive
CM: exaggerated moro reflex. cant sit up seizures, paralysis, deafness and blindness.
No cure, genetic disorder so get a good history, retrieve amniotic b-HEXA A levels. primary of people of jewish descent.
Fragile-X syndrome
inheritance?
CM?
dx/tx?
x-linked dominante disorder. caused by abnormal gain of methylation.
CM: usually seen by 2 years old. language/developmental delays. PRominent jaw, speech and language delays, autism spectrum disorders
dx/tx? no cure, genetic testing. Behavioral and psych support.
difference between down syndrome and klinefelter syndrome
down syndrome is autosomal (non sex related)
klinefelter syndrome (polysomy x) Extra X in males. Trisomy of the X chromosome in males.
Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)
cm?
hypotonia
low nasal bridge, protruding tongue, small mouth
congenital heart defects Ventricular septal defects, tetralogy of fallot.
SINGLE crease in palm (simian crease)
White spots in iris
developmental delay, poorly developed genitalia
Simple squamous
stratified squamous
alveoli in lung, lining of blood vessels
esophagus, mouth, vagina
simple cuboidal
stratified cuboidal
kidney tubules
salivary glands
simple columnar (non ciliated)
stratified columnar
digestive tract lining
male urethra
simple columnar (ciliated)
bronchioles, fallopian tubes
Differentiate epithelial tissue
connective tissue
muscle tissue
nerves
epithelial: covers and protects surfaces. skin, inner organs, glands
connective: support and connects other tissues. Blood, tendon, bones
muscle: movement, attaches to bones, made of fibers called myocytes. Contractile proteins
nerves: sends electrical signals or information.
