Immunity

Question 1

Neutrophils purpose (innate)

Answer 1

first to arrive, most common

attracted to chemicals released by infected tissue, neutrophils release ROS, degrade bacterial walls, and phagocytize microorganisms. They take the bad DNA in a neutrophil extracellular trap (NET)

Question 2

Basophils (innate)

Answer 2

NONphago wbc, it binds immunoglobulin E, releases histamine for inflammatory response.

Question 3

Eosinophils (innate)

Answer 3

phagocytic wbx for parasites, also involved with hypersensitivity

Question 4

Monocytes (innate)

Answer 4

immature WBC that replenish macrophages and dendritic cells, responds to inflammation and differenciates

Question 5

macrophages (innate)

Answer 5

phagocytize, and stimulate lymphocytes and other immune cells to respond to pathogens

Question 6

Mast cells (innate)

Answer 6

NONphago cells on connective tissue, mucous surfaces, contain histamine for allergy reactions

Question 7

Dendric cells (innate)

Answer 7

immature forms found in blood, initially phagocytic then they act as a messenger between innate and adaptive system by presenting the antigen to B and T cells

Question 8

B cells (B lymphocytes)

Answer 8

mature in the bone marrow, then differentiate into memory cells or immunoglobulin secreting cells. produces immediate inflammatory response

matures into
MEMORY AND PLASMA CELLS

Question 9

memory B cells

Answer 9

recalls the antigen as foreign then leads to rapid antibody production.

Question 10

Plasma Cells

Answer 10

White blood cells that develop from B cells and produce antibodies

Question 11

T-cells (T lymphocytes)

Answer 11

produced in bone marrow BUT mature in thymus. T in Tcell

Question 12

Cytotoxic (killer) T-cells

Answer 12

destroy cells infected by viruses by releasing lymphokines which degrades the cell walls.

has co-receptor CD8+ (ID badge)

Question 13

Helper T cells

Answer 13

these activate or call up B cells to produce antibodies

co-receptor CD4+

Question 14

Regulator T cells

Answer 14

cells that suppress activation of the immune system and prevents self reactivity (autoimmune disease)

Question 15

Immune system
1st line of defense
2nd line of defense
3rd line of defense

Answer 15

1st: physical including skin and mucous membranes. Mucous, saliva, and the normal flora of the skin.

2nd line of defense: inflammation - erythema, edema, heat, and pain

3rd line: adaptive immunity, immune response

Question 16

Inflammation is mediated by which three protein systems.

Answer 16

complement system: activated by antigen-antibody reactions. IgG and IgM. Proteins attract the immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages.

clotting system: stops bleeding, localizes microorganisms (walls them in)

kinin system: occurs when clotting factor XII which leads to bradykinin. it causes pain, increases vascular permeability, neutrophil recruitment, muscle contraction (BRONCHOCONSTRICTION)

Question 17

What are cytokines?

Answer 17

proteins that cells of the innate immune system use to communicate to each other. Interleukin, interferon, Chemokines

Question 18

Interleukin purpose?

Answer 18

proteins that help WBC talk to each other.

Question 19

Interferon purpose?

Answer 19

produced by cells that are already infected by viruses. helps stimulate antiviral defense, activates immune system.

Question 20

Chemokines purpose?

Answer 20

attracts immune cells to infection sites.

Question 21

purpose of mast cells in inflammation process?

Answer 21

releases histamine (vasoactive), releases cytokines and chemokines

attracts other immune cells to the site.

Question 22

Immunoglobulins and their functions.
G
M
A
E
D

Answer 22

IgG - 2nd response after Ig M. Main bacteria against bacteria. 75% of total immunoglobulins. long term immunity, stays positive long after infection

IgM - first responder to an antigen.

IgA- local immunity, guards mucosal surfaces (gut, GI tract, colon, mucus)

IgE - parasites, triggers allergic reactions

IgD - helps start up B-cells

Question 23

Newborns immune systems are ______

Answer 23

depressed, physiologic hypogammaglobulinemia.

Question 24

difference between adaptive immunity compared to innate immunity

Answer 24

adaptive immunity involved B cells/lymphocytes and antibodies.

Question 25

Humoral immunity vs Cell mediated immunity

Answer 25

Humoral: B-cell activated, circulating antibodies produced by plasma and antigens are remembered by memory cells. Cell mediated: t- cell activated. NO antibodies involved

Question 26

Type 1 hypersensitivity

Answer 26

Ig-E mediated which binds to mast cells causes degranulation and the mass release of histamine. ig-e coasts the mast cells making them sensitive to the atigen, so when next exposed it reacts immediate itching and inflammation.

Question 27

Type II hypersensitivity

Answer 27

the destruction of cells and tissue, IgG and IgM antibodies bind to our own cell or tissue antigens which triggers cell lysis from NK cells and neutrophils. e.g. blood transfusions, hemolytic disease of newborns

Question 28

Type III hypersensitivity

Answer 28

when antigen and antibody complexes haven't been properly cleared away by the macrophages and become clumps or deposited in tissues then the B-lymphocytes react. but then more stuff gets stuck in joints and kidneys so it gets larger or more numerous. sometimes damages the surrounding tissue, inflammation and vascular permeability. e.g. systemic lupus erythema, glomerulonephritis

Question 29

Type IV hypersensitivity

Answer 29

delayed reaction, the T cells see something they deem dangerous which sets off a reaction. The release of cytokines causes inflammation and antigen destruction.