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Kaplan: Pathophysiology 1-5 > Cellular Injury and Adaptation > Flashcards

Cellular Injury and Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common cause of cellular injury?

A

hypoxia

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2
Q

What is the most common cause of hypoxia?

A

ischemia which is characterized by loss of blood supply

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3
Q

What can vitamin A deficiency lead to?

A

night blindness, squamous metaplasia, immune deficiency

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4
Q

What can vit. C deficiency lead to?

A

scurvy

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5
Q

What can vit. D deficiency lead to?

A

rickets and osteomalacia

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6
Q

What can vit. B12 defiency lead to?

A

megaloblastic anemia, neuropathy and spinal cord degeneration

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7
Q

What can folate deficency lead to?

A

megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defects

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8
Q

Niacin (vit B3) defiency can lead to what?

A

pellagra(diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia)

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9
Q

What is pyknosis?

A

the shrinkage or condensation of a cell with increased nuclear compactness or density

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10
Q

What is karyorrhexis?

A

Degeneration of the cell nucleus marked by contraction of the chromatin into small pieces and loss of the nuclear boundary

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11
Q

What is karyolysis? Also, what phase of the cell cycle is this most commonly evidenced?

A

dissolution of a cell nucleus, especially during mitosis

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12
Q

Describe what coagulative necrosis is caused by.

A

the most common form of necrosis most often due to ischemic injury.

caused by denaturing of proteins within cytoplasm

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13
Q

What is the microscopic appearance of coagulative necrosis?

A

loss of nucleus but preservation of cellular shape

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14
Q

What organ is coagulative necrosis commonly found in?

A

heart, liver, kidney

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15
Q

What is liquefactive necrosis caused by?

A

cellular destruction by hydrolytic enzymes leading to autolysis (release proteolytic enzyme from injured cells) and heterolysis (release of proteolytic enzymes from inflammatory cells)

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16
Q

What organs can liquefactive necrosis take place in?

A

abscesses, brain infarcts, and pancreatic necrosis

17
Q

What is caseous necrosis caused by? (combo of what types of necrosis)

A

combination of coagulation and liquefaction necrosis

18
Q

Describe the gross appearance of caseous necrotic tissue?

A

soft, friable, and “cheese-like”

19
Q

Caseous necrosis is characteristic of what condition?

A

granulomatous disease, including TB

20
Q

What is fat necrosis caused by? What is it characteristic of? (what organ in the body is affected most)

A

action of lipases on adipocytes and is characteristics of acute pancreatitis

21
Q

What is the gross appearance of fat necrosis?

A

has a chalky white appearance

22
Q

What is fibrinoid necrosis?

A

form of necrotic connective tissue that histologically resembles fibrin.

often caused by acute immunologic injury (e.g HSR II and III)

23
Q

What is gangrenous necrosis?

A

gross term to describe dead tissue common on lower limbs, gallbladder, GI, and testes

24
Q

Type of necrosis associated with dry gangrene.

A

coagulative necrosis

25
Q

Type of necrosis associated with wet gangrene.

A

liquefactive necrosis

26
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

increase in cell size and functional ability due to increased synthesis of intracellular components

27
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ

28
Q

What is metaplasia? (Is it reversible or irreversible?)

A

reversible change of one fully differentiated cell type to another usually as a response to irritation.

29
Q

What is dysplasia? (Compare and contrast metaplasia and dysplasia)

A

increased amount of immature cell types, often abnormal

Metaplasia is brought on by external environmental stressors, whereas dysplasia involves abnormal cell development caused by internal

30
Q

What is lipofuscin?

A

A wear and tear pigment seen as a perinuclear yellow-brown pigment

31
Q

What is hemosiderin?

A

golden yellow brown-granular pigment

32
Q

Difference between dystrophic and metastatic calcification?

A

dystrophic of calcium phosphate on dying or necrotic tissue; whereas metastatic calcification is precipitation of calcium due to hypercalcemia

Kaplan: Pathophysiology 1-5 (6 decks)

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