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Human Bioscience > Cellular Organisation - WK 2, trial > Flashcards

Cellular Organisation - WK 2, trial Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the basic unit of all plants, animals, and humans?

A

Cell

All cells come from pre-existing cells and perform vital physiological functions.

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2
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.

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3
Q

Define Eukaryotic cells.

A

Cells with a nucleus, organelles, and bound by plasma membrane

Examples include animal and human cells.

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4
Q

Define Prokaryotic cells.

A

Simple, single-cell organisms without a nucleus or organelles, not bound by plasma membrane

Examples include bacteria.

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5
Q

What are the components of the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer, membrane proteins

The bilayer has hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

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6
Q

What are the functions of the cell membrane?

A

Forms barrier, regulates transport, communication between cells

It is selectively permeable.

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7
Q

What is the role of integral membrane proteins?

A

Permits material in and out, communication, and enzymatic activity

Includes channel, carrier, and receptor proteins.

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8
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controls cellular structure, directs activities, produces ribosomes

Contains DNA and is surrounded by a nuclear envelope.

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9
Q

What are organelles?

A

Structures within cells that perform specific tasks

They can be categorized into membranous and non-membranous.

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10
Q

List the three components of the cytoskeleton.

A
  • Microfilaments
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Microtubules

Each component has specific roles in structure and movement.

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11
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Produce ATP, contain own DNA, and increase surface area for energy production

Known as the powerhouse of the cell.

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12
Q

What is the difference between passive and active transport?

A

Passive transport requires no energy; active transport requires ATP

Passive includes diffusion and osmosis; active includes pumps and vesicular transport.

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13
Q

Define diffusion.

A

Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration

It eliminates concentration gradients in body fluids.

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14
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Special diffusion of water across a cell membrane

Water moves to areas of higher solute concentration.

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15
Q

What is tonicity?

A

Amount of solute in extracellular fluid

Types include isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic.

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16
Q

What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?

A

Cell swells and may burst (lysis)

Water moves into the cell due to lower solute concentration outside.

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17
Q

What is the sodium/potassium pump?

A

A mechanism that moves sodium out and potassium into the cell using ATP

It maintains concentration gradients across the plasma membrane.

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18
Q

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

A
  • Interphase
  • Mitotic phase

Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases.

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19
Q

What occurs during the S phase of interphase?

A

DNA replication and centrosome duplication

This is essential for cell division.

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20
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Division of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells

Each daughter cell has the same genetic material.

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21
Q

List the four phases of mitosis.

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase

Each phase has specific processes for chromosome movement.

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22
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasmic division of daughter cells

It begins in late anaphase.

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23
Q

What are checkpoints in the cell cycle?

A

Regulatory points that stop unhealthy or damaged cells from dividing

Includes G1, G2, and M checkpoints.

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24
Q

What forms during cytokinesis?

A

Cleavage furrow forms - indentation occurs

Cytokinesis is the final step in cell division where the cytoplasm divides, resulting in two daughter cells.

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25
What is cytokinesis?
Cytoplasmic division of daughter cell ## Footnote Cytokinesis begins in late anaphase.
26
What constricts the cytoplasm during cytokinesis?
Ring of actin filaments tightens around the area ## Footnote This mechanism helps in dividing the cytoplasm into two parts.
27
What is the purpose of cell checkpoints?
Stops unhealthy or damaged cells ## Footnote Checkpoints ensure the integrity of the cell cycle.
28
What does the G1 checkpoint check?
DNA intact/not damaged ## Footnote This checkpoint assesses the quality of the DNA before replication.
29
What does the G2 checkpoint check?
Cell size, DNA replication ## Footnote This checkpoint ensures that the cell is ready for mitosis.
30
What does the M checkpoint check?
Spindle assembly check ## Footnote This checkpoint verifies that all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle apparatus.
31
What is the role of proteins in cells?
Key to cell function ## Footnote Proteins are involved in various cellular processes and structures.
32
What are the types of proteins that different cells may contain?
* Transport * Receptors * Enzymes * Structural ## Footnote The type of proteins present in a cell defines its function and appearance.
33
Why do different cells look and function differently?
Due to containing different proteins ## Footnote This variation arises from the activation and expression of different genes.
34
What is the direct formation of proteins?
Genes are a direct formation of proteins ## Footnote Genes encode the instructions for building proteins.
35
What characterizes different cell types in terms of gene expression?
Different cells = different gene expression ## Footnote Each cell type activates a unique set of genes based on its function.
36
What are fat cells primarily known for?
Storage cells - less active (gene 1, 2) ## Footnote Fat cells have a specific gene expression profile suited for energy storage.
37
What characterizes bone cells in terms of gene expression?
Active (gene 1, 3, 4) ## Footnote Bone cells have genes that support their structural and functional roles.
38
What is the characteristic of nerve cells regarding gene expression?
Lots of functions - (all 4 genes activated) ## Footnote Nerve cells require a comprehensive set of proteins for their various functions.
39
What are the different regions of genes?
* Coding region * Regulatory regions * Terminator ## Footnote These regions play distinct roles in gene expression and function.
40
What is the coding region of a gene responsible for?
Holds info for amino acids ## Footnote This region contains the sequence that translates into a protein.
41
What is the function of regulatory regions in genes?
Switch gene on and off ## Footnote Regulatory regions control the timing and level of gene expression.
42
What is the role of the terminator in a gene?
Separates one gene from the next ## Footnote Terminators signal the end of transcription for a particular gene.
43
What cannot leave the nucleus?
DNA ## Footnote DNA remains protected within the nucleus while RNA is synthesized.
44
What is produced when a gene is activated?
Copy of gene made in form of messenger RNA (mRNA) ## Footnote This process is essential for protein synthesis.
45
What is the structure of mRNA?
Smaller molecule, single stranded ## Footnote This allows mRNA to exit the nucleus and enter the cytoplasm.
46
What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?
Make protein (polypeptide chain produced) ## Footnote Ribosomes read mRNA to assemble amino acids into proteins.
47
What is transcription?
Production of RNA from a DNA template ## Footnote This is the first step in gene expression leading to protein synthesis.
48
What happens during the initiation step of transcription?
RNA polymerase enters promoter region of gene ## Footnote This marks the beginning of the transcription process.
49
What occurs during the elongation step of transcription?
RNA polymerase interacts with DNA strands, separating them ## Footnote Nucleotides are incorporated to create mRNA.
50
What happens during the termination step of transcription?
RNA polymerase is released, 2 DNA strands bind together ## Footnote mRNA is produced and exits the nucleus.
51
What is a codon?
Group of 3 nitrogenous bases ## Footnote Codons are the basic units of the genetic code.
52
What does the genetic code refer to?
Reading of codons along the length of RNA ## Footnote This code determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
53
What are the base pairs in DNA?
* A–T (Adenine–Thymine) * C–G (Cytosine–Guanine) ## Footnote These pairs form the double helix structure of DNA.
54
How does base pairing differ in RNA?
Thymine (T) is replaced by Uracil (U) ## Footnote This change affects how RNA is synthesized from DNA.
55
What is the base pairing in mRNA?
* A (DNA) → U (mRNA) * T (DNA) → A (mRNA) * C (DNA) → G (mRNA) * G (DNA) → C (mRNA) ## Footnote This pairing is crucial for accurate protein synthesis.
56
What are special codons in the genetic code?
* UAA * UAG * UGA - stop codons * AUG - start codon ## Footnote These codons signal the beginning and end of protein synthesis.
57
What is the process of protein synthesis via translation?
Requires 3 types of RNA ## Footnote Translation converts mRNA into a polypeptide chain.
58
What is the function of tRNA?
Transfer RNA - ANTICODON WITHIN ## Footnote tRNA carries specific amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
59
What is the role of the anticodon in tRNA?
Complementary to base of mRNA ## Footnote The anticodon ensures the correct amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain.
60
What is the start codon in mRNA?
AUG ## Footnote This codon signals the beginning of translation.
61
What is the function of rRNA?
Help make the ribosome required ## Footnote rRNA is a structural component of ribosomes.
62
What are the raw materials needed for translation?
* mRNA * Ribosomal subunits (small and large) * tRNA ## Footnote These components are essential for assembling proteins.
63
What happens during the initiation step of translation?
Ribosomal complex built ## Footnote This sets up the machinery for protein synthesis.
64
What occurs during the elongation step of translation?
Ribosomal unit moves along mRNA; tRNA binds to mRNA ## Footnote This process involves the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids.
65
What happens during the termination step of translation?
Ribosome reaches stop codon on mRNA; polypeptide is released ## Footnote This concludes the protein synthesis process.

Human Bioscience (4 decks)

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