Cellular Physiology Flashcards
(403 cards)
1
Q
What is the total BODY FLUID volume?
A
✓ 60% of body weight
- 40% INTRAcellular fluid - MOST FLUIDS in our body is found IN THE CELLS
- 20% EXTRAcellular fluid
2
Q
What is the total blood volume?
A
✓ 8% of body weight
Other books : 5-7 %
3
Q
Why do we need to maintain 8% blood volume?
A
✓ BV influence BP ; Directly proportional
• inc BV = inc BP
• dec BV = dec BP
✓ BP influence BF ; Directly proportional
• inc BP = inc BF
• dec BP = dec BF
4
Q
Loss of blood flow?
A
✓ Shock
• blood is not moving ; stagnant
• nashock ka kaya di ka makagalaw
5
Q
Blood is not moving due to hemorrhage
A
✓ Hemorrhagic shock or
✓ Hypovolemic shock
• dec BV = dec BP = dec BF
6
Q
Shock due to severe allergic reaction
A
✓ Anaphylactic shock
7
Q
What is administered to reverse anaphylaxis?
A
✓ EPINEPHRINE
8
Q
Loss of blood supply on specific region of body
A
✓ Infarction
• No blood supply on specific region but has blood flow on the body
• can be due to CLOT
9
Q
What is the most common form of infarct?
A
✓ Myocardial Infarction or Heart attack
10
Q
MI is due to obstruction of?
A
✓ Coronary Artery
11
Q
Other term for stroke?
A
✓ Brain Infarction
✓ CVA (Cerebrovascular accident)
12
Q
What is the most common artery involved in stroke?
A
✓ Lenticulostriate artery w/c is from Middle Cerebral artery
13
Q
Decreased in blood supply?
A
✓ Ischemia - may blood supply pa but kulang
14
Q
Decreased in oxygen
A
✓ Hypoxia
15
Q
Types of cellular transport
A
✓ Passive transport
✓ Active transport
16
Q
Movement of molecules across a cell membrane without using ATP?
A
✓ Passive transport
17
Q
What are the three types of passive transport?
A
✓ Simple diffusion or Passive diffusion
✓ Facilitated diffusion
✓ Osmosis
18
Q
What is the movement of solutes from HIGHER concentration gradient to a LOWER concentration gradient?
A
✓ Simple diffusion or Passive diffusion
19
Q
What are the samples of simple diffusion or passive diffusion?
A
✓ Gas exchange
✓ Nutrient transport
• across BV, O2 and CO2
20
Q
Molecules that dissolves?
A
✓ Solvent
21
Q
Molecules that are dissolved?
A
✓ Solute
22
Q
What type of cellular transport for gas exchange?
A
✓ Passive diffusion or Simple diffusion
• kung sino yung mas mataas, sila yung papasok or lalabas
23
Q
What is the type of cellular transport for nutrient exchange?
A
✓ Passive or simple diffusion
• Nutrient exchange - if equal, cell will stop to get glucose from BV
24
Q
Cellular transport that needs carrier protein?
A
✓ Facilitated diffusion or
✓ Carrier-mediated diffusion
• just like passive diffusion but has carrier or protein na dadaanan so from HIGH to LOW pa rin
25
What are examples of facilitated diffusion?
✓ Insulin sensitive cells (MA)
• Muscle cells
• Adipocytes
26
Movement of fluid across a semi-permeable membrane from LOW osmotic pressure to HIGH osmotic pressure
✓ Osmosis
27
Osmotic pressure is determined by?
✓ SOLUTES dissolved in a solution
28
Low concentration of solute
High concentration of solute
✓ Hypotonic - low conc of solute
✓ Hypertonic - high conc of solute
29
Cells in hypertonic solution results in?
✓ Shrinkage
• Since hypertonic solution has high solute, it attracts water. So if you put cell in a hypertonic solution, the HS will get water from the cell causing the cell to SHRINK!
30
Cells in hypotonic solution results in?
✓ Swelling or Bursting
• Since hypotonic solution has lower solute. So decrease in osmotic pressure, then the cell will accumulate water causing the cell to SWELL or BURST!
• Sample of hypotonic solution is DISTILLED WATER
31
Solution that has same solute concentration of the body cells?
✓ Isotonic
• like NSS (0.9 % NaCl)
* Distilled water is hypotonic kaya di natin siya ginagamit as an irrigant bc the cell will swell/burst. Instead, we use NSS (0.9 NaCl) bc it is isotonic.
32
Avulsed tooth, where to soak if you were to do reimplantation?
✓ NSS
✓ Milk
✓ Saliva
X Distilled water
33
What is the best solution of avulsed tooth for reimplantation?
✓ Hank's solution
34
What is the most recommended for avulsed for reimplantation?
✓ MILK bc of its availability
35
Movement of molecules from LOW concetration graduent to HIGH concentration gradient that uses ATP?
✓ Active transport
36
What are the examples of active transport?
✓ Na-K pump (muscles)
✓ Proton pump (stomach)
✓ Bulk transport : Endocytosis and Exocytosis
37
What is the pH of stomach?
✓ 1-3 ph
• highly ACIDIC
• pH = power of hydrogen
38
Neutral pH
Acidic pH
Basic pH
Neutral pH - 7 pH
Acidic pH - <7 pH ; INCREASE Hydrogen ion
Basic pH - >7 pH ; DECREASE Hydrogen ion
•So baligtad, if dec ph inc hydrogen ion. If inc ph dec hydrogen ion
39
What is the acid in the stomach?
✓ Hydrochloric acid
40
Other term for proton pump and where it is found?
✓ Hydrogen pump or proton pump
| • pumps in hydrogen ions inside stomach that why stomach is acidic or < ph
41
It reduces acidity of stomach
✓ PPI (Proton pump inhibitor)
| • inh. fxn of proton pump so hindi nakakapag pumo ng hyrogen ion inside so increase ph or basic.
42
Samples of PPI
✓ -zole
| ✓ Omeprazole
43
PPI are used in patient with?
✓ Hyperacidity
| ✓ GERD (Gastroesophageal reflex disease or HEARTBURN)
44
GERD / Heartburn
✓ acid from stomach goes up to esophagus ; so you can feel the PAIN or BURNING sensation in the HEART.
45
Substance exits a cell via vesicle
✓ Exocytosis
46
Substance enters a cell placing it in a vesicle
✓ Endocytosis
47
Bulk transport ( also an active transport)
✓ Exocytosis
| ✓ Endocytosis - COVID 19 is samples of endo
48
What are the NON-insulin dependent tissues?
```
BRICKLE
Brain
Rbc
Intestines
Cornea
Kidney
Liver
Exercising SKELETAL muscle
```
•they can take up glucose even without insulin
49
Skeletal muscle is a dual citizen
If x workout - needs insulin
If ✓ workout - doesn't need insulin
•So diabetic px needs to exercise
50
Positive electrolyte
| Negative electrolyle
Positive (Ca+ion)
| Negative (ANion)
51
What are anions and cations?
Cations
✓ Sodium (Na+)
✓ Potassium (K+)
Anion
✓ Chlorine (Cl-)
✓ Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
✓ Phosphate (PO4-)
52
Numerous cation in ECF
Numerous cation in ICF
Numerous anion in ECF
Numerous anion in ICF
SEXPIC
| CHECPIC
53
What is the most important BUFFER in blood plasma?
✓ Bicarbonate
| •they prevent sudden change in pH (buffer)
54
Give 2 sample of buffers
✓ Bicarbonate - MOST IMPORTANT
| ✓ Phosphate
55
What is the normal pH of blood and body tissues?
✓ 7.35 - 7.45
| Average is 7.4
56
What is the least numerous anion in ICF?
| What is the least numerous anion in ECF?
Least in ICF - Chlorine
| Least in ECF - Bicarbonate
57
BODY TISSUES
BODY TISSUES
58
What are 4 types of body tissues?
✓ Epithelial
✓ Connective
✓ Muscular
✓ Nervous
59
For movement
```
✓ Muscular
• SKELETAL M
• CARDIAC M
• SMOOTH M
• TONGUE
```
60
It protects, support, and bind body tissues together
```
✓ Connective tissue
• PULP
• BLOOD
• ADIPOCYTES
• TOOTH
```
61
Lines and covers body surfaces and body cavity
✓ Epithelial tissue
• LINING - epidermis, ging. epithelium
• GLANDS - most glands, sweat glands
62
Receives stimuli and conduct impulses
✓ Nervous
• BRAIN
• NERVOUS SYSTEM
63
Connection between plasma membranes ora cell membranes of cells
✓ Cellular junctions
64
What are the 5 types of cellular junction?
```
✓ Desmosomes
✓ Hemidesmosomes
✓ Gap junctions
✓ Tight junctions
✓ Adherens junctions
```
65
It attaches cells of the SAME TYPE
✓ Desmosomes
66
Other term for desmosome?
✓ "spot-weld like" or
| ✓ MACULA ADHERENS
67
Desmosomes are seen in?
✓ b/w EPIDERMIS
| ✓ b/w CARDIAC MUSCLES cells
68
Autoimmune disease that destroys the EPIDERMAL DESMOSOMES
✓ Pemphigus Vulgaris
| • NO DESMOSOMES so the epidermal cells will slough off (Nikolsy sign)
68
Autoimmune disease that destroys the EPIDERMAL DESMOSOMES
✓ Pemphigus Vulgaris
| • NO DESMOSOMES so the epidermal cells will slough off (Nikolsy sign)
69
Pemphigus vulgaris
Pemphigus vulgaris
✓ Nikolsky sign - sloughing of tissues ; epidermis detached usually by rubbing
✓ Acantholysis - separation of epidermal cells (HISTO)
70
Attaches cells of DIFFERENT type
✓ Hemidesomosomes
71
Hemidesmosomes are seen???
✓ b/w EPIDERMAL cells and BASEMENT MEMBRANE
•hemidesmosomes or half desmosomes
72
Junctional epithelium attached to the tooth via?
✓ Hemidesmosomes
73
Autoimmune disease that destroys hemidesmosomes?
✓ Pemphigoid
• Nikolsky sign -sloughing of tissues if rubbed
XXX NO acantholysis
*Goid or alike so gayagaya sa PV
74
What type of gingivitis seen in Pemphigoid vulgaris and pemphigoid?
✓ Desquamative gingivits
75
Desquamative gingivitis is seen in?
✓ Pemphigoid
| ✓ Pemphigus vulgaris
76
Forms a bridge that allows ION DIFFUSION between cells
✓ GAP junction
77
Gap junction is seen in?
✓ Cardiac Muscle cells
✓ Nerve cells
HEART and BRAIN
*GAP junctions are formed by CONNEXONS from connexins
78
Cell junctions of cardiac muscles?
✓ GAP junctions
| ✓ Desmosomes
79
Prevents leaking of substances
✓ Tight junctions or Zona occludens
| •organs with fluid like STOMACH
80
Prevents separation of epithelial cells during INTESTINAL Contractions
✓ Adherens Junctions or Zona adherens
81
For secretion by glandular cells
✓ Glandular epithelium
• ENDOCRINE glands
• EXOCRINE glands
82
Secretes hormones towards BLOOD
✓ ENDOCRINE glands - without ducts
•inside ; towards blood
• sample of endo PITUITARY GLAND
83
Secretes products onto the external surface
✓ EXOCRINE glands
• with DUCTS ; para makasecrete sa external surface
• samples SALIVARY gland, MAMMARY gland, SEBACEOUS gland
84
What organ with both endocrine and exocrine?
✓ PANCREAS
• HexTen
Head - Exo
Tail - Endo
* Endocrine - GABI
* Exocrine - for DIGESTION
85
What is the major duct and accessory duct of pancreas?
✓ Major duct - WIRSUNG'S DUCT
| ✓ Acc duct - Duct of Santorini
86
Functional classifications of EXOCRINE glands
✓ Merocrine
✓ Apocrine
✓ Holocrine
87
Releases "packaged" vesicles
✓ Merocrine
• their secretion only involves vesicles
• SALIVARY glands
88
Part of cell will be PINCHED-OFF together with the vesicle
✓ Apocrine
• MAMMARY glands
• Apo pokpokpok nacchop/pinched off
• Apo kinurot
89
Cells ruptures and releases contents
✓ Holocrine
• WHOLE cell nagsasacrifice
• SEBACEOUS GLANDS
90
Give samples of Merocrine, Apocrine and Holocrines
✓ Merocrine - Salivary
✓ Apocrine - Mammary
✓ Holocrine - Sebaceous
91
Largest major salivary glands
✓ Parotid gland
| • Pyramidal shape
92
Where is parotid gland located?
What is the duct?
Duct opens at?
What is the secretions?
✓ Anteroinferior to External auditory meatus or Posterior to posterior ramus
✓ Stensen's duct
✓ Opposite max 2nd molar
✓ Purely serous
93
```
Produces greatest volume of saliva
Second largest salivary gland
What is the duct?
Duct opens at?
What is the secretion?
```
✓ Submandibular gland
✓ Wharton's duct
✓ Sublingual caruncle
✓ Mixed purely SEROUS
94
```
Smallest major salivary gland
Only ENCAPSULATED gland
What is the major duct?
What is the accessory duct?
Duct opens at?
What is the secretion?
```
```
✓ Sublingual gland
✓ Major - Bartholin's duct
✓ Accessory - Rivinu's duct
✓ FOTM floor of the mouth
✓Mixed mostly MUCOUS
```
95
What muscles divides the submandibular gland?
✓ Mylohyoid muscle
96
Mylohyoid muscle is the muscle of the?
✓ FOTM
97
Saliva is full of minerals
✓ Calcium and
✓ Phosphate
•So accumulation of saliva at lingual of mand molar and buccal of maxillary molars which will lead to calcular deposits
98
Salivary gland stones
| Commonly seen at?
✓ Sialoliths
| ✓ Submandibular gland - Wharton's duct bc it has the greatest volume
99
What minor salivary gland is seen at circumvallate papillae?
| What is the secretion?
✓ Glands of Von Ebner
| ✓ Purely SEROUS
100
What is the depression between ant 2/3 and post 1/3 of tongue?
✓ sulcus terminalis
101
Largest and least numerous papillae?
✓ Circumvallate papillae
102
What glands produces purelyserous secretion?
✓ Parotid gland
| ✓ Glands of von ebner
103
What minor salivary glands produces purely mucous?
✓ Palatine glands
•Posterolateral border of Palate
✓ Buccal and labial glands
104
What is the secretion of glands of blandin and nuhn?
| Where is it located?
✓ Mixed purely serous
| ✓ Anterior lingual
105
Basket cells or myoepithelial cells are found in?
✓ Salivary Glands (BE)
•There is also basket cells in brain
106
Best example of unicellular gland?
✓ Goblet cells
107
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Connective tissue
108
Its function is to trap water or preserve water in the body
```
✓ GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS (GAGs)
• Hyaluronic acid
• Chondroitin sulfate
• Dermatan sulfate
• Keratan sulfate
• Heparan sulfate
• Heparin
```
109
It attaches connective tissue together
| Where is it found?
✓ Hyaluronic acid -universal glue
✓ Seen in :
• JOINTS , EYEBALLS, EGG CELL etc
110
Breaksdown hyaluronic acid
✓ Hyaluronidase
111
What is the most numerous gags?
✓ Chrondroitin sulfate - seen primarily in cartilage
112
Gags of skin
Gags of cornea
Gags sim. to heparin
✓ Dermatan sulfate - skin
✓ Keratan sulfate - cornea
✓ Heparan sulfste - sim to heparin
113
Heparin is present in?
| What is the function of heparin?
✓ Basophils (be)
✓ Mast cells
✓ Anti-coagulant ; prevents formation of blood clot
114
What is the emergency drug used if there is infarction?
✓ Heparin
• infarc is usu cause by clot ; so heparin is anti-coagulant
• used because of its RAPID ONSET
115
PROTEOGLYCAN is the CORE and GAGs project from it like a BRISTLE BRUSH
Drawing like centipede; nasa gitna yung proteoglycans
116
What is the only GAG without proteoglycan?
✓ Hyaluronic acid - only gag that does not arise from proteoglycan
117
What is the most common adhesion protein found in connective tissue?
✓ Fibronectin - seen in CONNECTIVE TISSUE
118
What is the adhesion protein found in bone?
✓ Oseteonectin - found in BONE
119
What are the basic types of protein in the body?
```
✓ Collagen
✓ Elastin
✓ Keratin
✓ Albumin
✓ Actin
✓ Titin
```
120
What is the MOST NUMEROUS protein in the body?
✓ Collagen
• strong protein but still flexible
• strengthen tissues
121
What vitamin is important for production of collagen?
✓ Vitamin C - Collagen
122
What ds is assoc. with decrease in Vitamin C?
| What type of gingivitis is seen?
✓ Scurvy
| ✓ Scorbutic gingivitis - seen in px with Scurvy
123
5 types of collagen
```
✓ Type I
✓ Type II
✓ Type III
✓ Type IV
✓ Type V
```
124
What is the most abundant type of collagen?
| Where is it seen?
✓ Type I
✓ Dermis, Bone, Pulp, Dentin, Cementum, etc.
•Enamel walang collagen xxx
125
What type of collagen is hyaline cartilage?
✓ Type II - Hyaline Car2lage
126
What type of collagen is retricular fibers and tissues?
✓ Type III - Rethreecular fibers and tissues
127
What are the 3 stages of wound healing?
✓ Inflammatory
✓ Proliferative
✓ Remodelling or Wound maturation
128
What type of collagen is predominant during proliferative stage or beginning of wound healing?
What type of collagen is present during remodelling or wound maturation?
✓ Type III - beginning of WH or proliferative stage
| ✓ Type I - remodelling or wound maturation
129
What type of collagen is the basement membrane?
✓ Type IV - basement membrane is floor so four
130
What type of collagen is the hair and placenta?
✓ Type V - hair and placenta
131
Highly elastic protein?
✓ Elastin
132
Elastin is found in what organ?
✓ Alveoli
| • Simple squamous epithelium
133
What condition is assoc. with loss of elastin on alveoli?
✓ Emphysema
134
Protein most numerous on epidermis?
✓ Keratin
135
Protein on dermis?
✓ Type I Collagen
136
Most numerous protein in blood?
| It is produced by what organ?
✓ Albumin
• it determines the osmotic pressure
✓ Liver - albumin is produced by liver
* Albumin is the solute in blood ; High solute = High osmotic pressure
* Solute can be ALBUMIN or ELECTROLYTES
137
What determines osmotic pressure of blood?
✓ Albumins or Protein
138
What protein is most numerous in muscle?
✓ Actin
139
What is the largest protein in the body?
✓ Titin
| •from the word titan
140
What is the most numerous protein in enamel?
✓ Amelogenin
141
Disease where the px has excessive elastin fiber
✓ MARFAN Syndrome
• tall and thin ; long extremities
• elongation of bone ---> weakness of tissues in the body
142
What is the common cause of death of marfan syndrome?
✓ Bursting of aorta
143
Disease where the px has DEFECTIVE collagen fibers
Disease where the px has DEFICIENT collagen fibers
Excessive elastin
✓ Ehler- Danlos Syndrome or Rubber man syndrome
• DEFECTIVE collagen fibers ----> flexibility of tissues made up of collagen
✓ Osteogenesis Imperfecta
• DEFICIENT collagen fibers
✓ Marfan syndrome
• excessive ELASTIN
144
Osteogenesis imperfecta is assoc with?
✓ Bluish sclera (veins yun kaya blue)
✓ Dentinogenesis imperfecta
✓ Fractures
145
Connective tissue cells
Connective tissue cells
146
It secretes fibers
| What is the shape?
✓ Fibroblast
• Similar to SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS
• Spindle-shaped
• for CONTRACTION
147
Among the ff. w/c is capable of contracting?
```
✓ Skeletal
✓ Cardiac
✓ Smooth
✓ Fibroblast
* If walang, skeletal, cardiac, smooth then FIBROBLAST!!!!
```
148
Combination of numerous monocytes or maturation of monocytes
| Where does it formed?
✓ Macrophages
| ✓ Formed @ BONE MARROW
149
Phagocyte of blood and is precursor of macrophages
✓ Monocyte
* If nasa BV, monocyte. If lumabas ng BV, then macrophage na siya.
150
What are the antigen presenting cells?
✓ Marcophages
✓ Dendritic cells
✓ Langerhans cells
✓ B cell
Cells that presents antigen ---> MDLB
151
Fixed macrophages are the ff
Fixed macrophages are the ff
152
```
Macrophage of Liver?
Macrophage of CNS?
Macrophage of Lungs?
Macrophage of Lymph nodes and Connective tissues?
Macrophage of Epidermis?
Macrophage of Granuloma?
Macrophage of Bone?
Macrophage of Placenta?
Macrophage of lymph node or spleen?
Macrophage of Kidney?
```
ALL ARE FIXED MACROPHAGES
✓ Kupffer cells - LIVER
✓ Microglia - CNS
✓ Dust cells / Alveolar Macrophages - LUNGS
✓ Histiocytes - Lymph node and Connective tissues
✓ Langerhans cells - EPIDERMIS
✓ Epitheloid cells and Langhans cells (fused epitheloid cells) - GRANULOMA
✓ Osteoclast - BONE ; bone resorption
✓ Hofbauer cells - PLACENTA
✓ Dendritic cells - lymph node or spleen
✓ Mesangial cells or Intraglomerular cells - KIDNEY
153
Heart failure cells
✓ Dust cell + Hemosiderin = Heart failure cells
• Hemosiderin
° pigment ; YELLOW-BROWN-BLACK
° IRON accumulation
154
What is the macrophage in tooth or pulp?
✓ Histiocytes
| • Since, tooth or pulp is CONNECTIVE tissue. Then, it's macrophage is histiocytes.
155
What is the surveillance cells of pulp?
✓ Histiocytes
156
What is the macrophage of epidermis (STRATUM SPINOSUM)
✓ Langerhan cells - Epidermis (Stratum Spinosum)
157
What are fused epitheloid cells?
✓ Langhans cells
• Epitheloid cells and Langhans cells
° M of Granuloma
° Seen in TB or Tooth granuloma
158
What are macrophages of kidney?
✓ Mesangial cells
✓ Intraglomerular cells
• Glomerular filtration
159
What is the depression where you can find the osteoclast?
✓ Howship's lacuna
160
Macrophages that continuously move in the body
✓ Wandering macrophages
| • Chemotaxis - movement of MO towards a chemotactic agent
161
Movement of MO towards a chemotactic agent
✓ Chemotaxis
162
Fat cells or adipose cells
✓ Adipocytes
• SIGNET RING
• Insulin sensitive cells
163
Cartilage has direct supply of nerves and blood vessels
| T or F
✓ F
• Cartilage DOES NOT have direct supply of nerves and blood vessels
• Adv. - if it is damaged, it is not painful
• Dis. - you don't know it's damage since no BV and nerve so slow healing process
164
What are two types of cartilagenous growth or bone growth?
✓ Interstitial
| ✓ Appositional
165
Growth WITHIN the tissue
Responsible for _____ process of long bones
Happens during ______ only
✓ Interstitial
• responsible for LENGTHENING process of long bones
• happens during GROWTH SPURT only
✓ B/w epiphysis and diaphysis is the EPIPHYSEAL PLATE which is a HYALINE CARTILAGE
✓ Growth spurt ---> PITUITARY GLAND releases GH excessively which leads to CHONDROGENESIS PROCESS. So yung since dadami cartilage cells, ippush niya yung epiphysis and diaphysis which will lead to EPIPHYSEAL GROWTH so hahaba na bones or tatangkad
✓ Elongation of bone is due to cartilage (Interstitial)
•Hindi pa nagcclose yung epiphyseal plate
166
Growth on EXTERNAL surface
| Continuous throughout life (adulthood)
✓ Appositional
• Growth on external surface
• Continuous throughout life
• Both in cartilage tissue and bone tissue
✓ As the bone matures, magcclose yung epiphyseal plate. Once na close na siya, EPIPHYSEAL PLATE will become METAPHYSIS (bone tissue)
✓ Pituitary gland still release GH but since wala ng cartilage (Chondrogenesis) there is no growth. Instead, magWWIDEN!
✓ So, appositional growth is responsible for WIDENING PROCESS and it is continuous throughout life
167
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
✓ Hyaline cartilage
✓ Elastic cartilage
✓ Fibrocartilage
168
What is the most numerous cartilage?
```
✓ Hyaline cartilage
• most NUMEROUS but WEAKEST cartilage
• numerous CHONDROCYTES but few collagen fibers
• Found in:
✓ END OF BONE that forms joints
✓ NOSE
✓ FETAL SKELETON
✓ TRACHEA
✓ BRONCHI
✓ SYNCHONDROSIS
```
169
Elastic cartilage is composed of?
✓ Chondrocytes + Elastic fibers
| ✓ Elastic cartilages is the least common
170
Elastic cartilage is found where?
PEE
✓ Pinna (Auricle)
✓ Epiglottis
• closes the LARYNX during swallowing
✓ Eustachian tube
• connect NASOPHARYNX to MIDDLE EAR
171
What is the strongest cartilage?
✓ FIBROCARTILAGE
| • fewer chondrocytes + THICK COLLAGEN fibers
172
Fibrocartilage is found where?
```
✓ Meniscus KNEE JOINT and TMJ
✓ Symphysial joints
• cartilagenous joints na makikita sa midline ng body
• Symphysis menti
• Symphysis pubis
• Manubriosternal joint
• Intervertebral disc
```
173
What is the most complex joint?
✓ KNEE JOINT and
| ✓ TMJ
174
What is the most commonly torn ligament in human body?
✓ ACL (Anterior Cruciate Ligament) - knee joint
175
Summarize
Fibrocartilage - KNEE JOINT and TMJ ; SYMPHYSIAL JOINTS like Symphysis PUBIS, Symphysis MENTIS, MANUBRIOSTERNAL joint, INTERVERTEBRAL disc
Elastic cartilage - PEE ; PINNA or AURICLE, EPIGLOTTIS, EUSTACHIAN TUBE
Yung mga wala, HYALINE Cartilage!
176
Symphysial joint sa mandible
Symphysial joint between hip bones/pelvic bones/ coxal bones
Symphysisl joint b/w manubrium and body of sternum
✓ Symphysis menti - mandible
✓ Symphysis pubis - b/w hip bones or coxal bones or pelvic bones
✓ Manubriosternal joint - b/w manubrium and body of sternum
177
What is the largest foramen in human body?
✓ Obturator foramen
| • sa may pelvic
178
What is the largest foramen in head and neck?
✓ Foramen magnum
179
Other term for manubriosternal joint?
Why is it elevated? What is the structure lateral to it?
✓ Sternal angle or Angle of Louis
✓ Lateral side of sternal angle of angle of louis is the 2ND RIB!
Ginagamit pag magstart magbilang ng rib for THORACOCENTESIS @ 7TH intercostal space
180
How many pairs of ribs?
True ribs
False ribs
Floating ribs
✓ 12 pairs ; 24 ribs
✓ True ribs - (1 to 7) 7 pairs
✓ False ribs - (8 to 12) 5 pairs
•Floating ribs - (11 to 12)
181
When there is fluid in the thoracic cavity, what intercostal space is the drainage done?
What is the name of procedure?
✓ 7th intercostal space (be)
✓ 6th, 7th or 8th
✓ THORACOCENTESIS
182
Symphysisl joint b/w vertebra
What structure found sa gitna ng vertebra
✓ Intervertebral disc
✓ Nucleus Pulposus
• Slip disc or Herniated disc (Angel Locsin)
° Compressing nerve so you will feel a lot of PAIN ; Numbness or Paralysis
° So dahil masakit, you will take STEROIDS. E steroid, side effect is ABNORMAL FAT METABOLISM. So tataba ka
183
Two types of bone
What is the strongest type of bone?
✓ Compact bone
✓ Spongy bone
✓ Compact bone - STRONGEST type of bone
184
Compact bone is made up of?
| What is the functional unit of compact bone?
✓ CB is made up of concentric structure HAVERSIAN or OSTEON
| ✓ OSTEON - fxnal unit of CB
185
What is seen in the middle of osteon?
✓ Haversian canal
✓ Neurovascular bundles
• triad of VEINS, NERVES, ARTERIES
✓ BLOOD VESSELS (be)
186
Made up of trabeculae
| Other term
✓ Spongy bone or Cancellous bone or Trabeculae bone
187
B/w the trabeculae of spongy bone, we can find the?
✓ Bone marrow tissue - b/w trabeculae of spongy bone
188
Responsible for hematopoiesis
| Responsible for fat storage
✓ RED bone marrow - hematopoiesis or blood production
| ✓ YELLOW bone marrow - fat storage
189
Type of bone growth that happens in mature bone?
✓ Appositional
190
Composition of blood
✓ 55% Plasma - mostly water (95%) and other substances
✓ 45 % Formed elements - bloods cells (RBC, WBC, Platelets)
191
White blood cells other term
Normal WBC count?
✓ Leukocytes (WBC)
✓ 4,500 - 11,000 cell / microliter of blood
✓ Ave. 10,000 cell / microliter of blood
192
Increase WBC
Decrease WBC
✓ Leukocytosis - increase WBC
• increase NEUTROPHILS so merong (Acute bacterial infection)
✓ Leukopenia or Leukocytopenia - decrease WBC
• immune system is failing
193
Granulocytes
| Agranulocytes
✓ Granulocytes (BEN) - WBC with granules
• Basophils
• Eosinophils
• Neutrophils
✓ Agranulocytes
• Monocyte
• Lymphocyte
194
What is the least numerous WBC?
✓ Basophils
*Never Let Monkey Eat Bananas (most numerous to least)
195
Basophil contains?
✓ Heparin
| ✓ Histamine
196
What cells release heparin?
✓ Basophils
197
Most histamine came from?
✓ Mast cells
• Histamine effect - Allergies ; Redness due to vasodilation ; Inflammation
198
Responsible primarily for parasitic infection
✓ Eosinophil - parasitic infections
| • also allergies, virus
199
What is the first line of defense of WBC esp. bacterial infection?
Other term
✓ Neutrophils or
✓ Stab cell or
✓ Polymorphonuclear cells
200
What are the granules secreted by neutrophils?
✓ Azurophilic granules
• If masyado marami bacteria, SEVERE INFECTION, magpapkamatay neutrophil or isasacrifice niya self niya para sasabog then marami mamamatay which will lead to development of PUS!!!!
• So what are the primary contents of pus?
✓ Dead neutrophils plus enzymes and proteins
✓ Dead bacteria plus enzymes and proteins
✓ Other dead cells
201
Which of the ff. is also known as polymorphonuclear cells?
✓ Neutrophils
202
What is the LARGEST WBC?
What is the shape of its nucleus?
✓ Monocyte - LARGEST
| • single KIDNEY-shaped nucleus
203
Wjat is the smallest WBC?
✓ Lymphocyte
✓ Increase Lymphocyte is
• Lymphocytosis - VIRAL infection (early stages) ; CHRONIC BACTERIAL INFECTION
✓ Decrease lymphocyte is
• Lymphocytopenia - immune system is failing
✓ Acute bact infection - Neutrophils
✓ Chronis bact infection - Lymphocyte
✓ Viral infection - Lymphocyte
204
2 types of Lymphocyte
Where do they mature?
✓ B lymphocyte / B cell and T lymphocyte
✓ B lymphocyte matures @ Bone marrow
✓ T lymphocyte matures @ Thymus - very important lymphoid organ or lymphoid tissue
205
What cell is discovered in Bursa of Fabricus?
✓ B cell
• Bursa is shock absorber
• Bursa of fabricus of a bird
206
What is the growth peak of thymus?
Then it starts to shrink at what age
✓ 10-12 years old - growth peak
• Thymus grows tremendously 200% of its original size
✓ Then starts to shrink at about 20 years old ; 100% in size
• @ 21 liliit uli
207
What organ grows 200% of its origin size?
✓ Thymus
208
Three types of T lymphocytes
✓ CD4
✓ CD8
✓ Naural killer cells
209
T helper cells
Cytotoxic cells
✓ CD4 - t helper
✓ CD8 - Cytotoxic to the cell / kills your own cell
• CD8 kills infected cells and abnormal cells or cancer cells
✓ Natural killer cells is a special type of CD8
209
T helper cells
Cytotoxic cells
✓ CD4 - t helper
✓ CD8 - Cytotoxic to the cell / kills your own cell
• CD8 kills infected cells and abnormal cells or cancer cells
✓ Natural killer cells is a special type of CD8
210
RBC other term
Life span
How many days for it to mature
✓ RBC or Erythrocyte
✓ 120 days life span
✓ 7 days maturity
211
Normal RBC count for female, male, and average
Increase RBC
Decrease RBC
✓ Female : 4-5 million / microliter (uL)
✓ Male : 5-6 million / microliter (uL)
✓ Average : 5 million / microliter of blood (uL)
✓ Polycythemia Vera or Erythrocytosis - increase RBC
✓ Anemia - decrease RBC
* Why mas marami male? Bc in male, increase testosterone. Eh increase testosterone = increase development of tissues or muscles so magdedemand more energy, more ATP, more oxygen, more RBC.
212
Universal Donor
Universal Recipient
✔️ Universal donor - O-
✔️ Universal Recipient - AB+
213
What is the most important chemical for RBC production?
✔️ IRON
214
Iron is primarily absorbed in?
Decreased Iron
✔️ Duodenum (Small Intestine) - IDu
✔️ Decreased Iron - IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA ; So decreased in RBC prodction bc kulang sa Iron
215
What is the most common type of Anemia?
What is the treatment?
✔️ Iron Deficiency Anemia
✔️ Ferrous Sulfate - w/c causes YELLOWISH teeth, tooth discoloration
216
Type of anemia assoc with yellowish teeth?
✔️ Iron deficiency anema - due to ferrous sulfate
217
Ano tawag sa + - sa blood type?
✔️ Rtesus factor
218
Formed elements of blood
✔️ WBC
✔️ RBC
✔️ Platelets
219
It determines fragility of capillaries
✔️ Platelets or Thrombocytes
220
Inc. Platelets
Dec. Platelets
✔️ Thrombocytosis - INC platelets;INC CLOT
| ✔️ Thrombocytopenia - DEC platelets;DEC CLOT so prone to bleeding or hemorrhage
221
Lifespan of platelets
Normal value
✔️ 10 days
✔️ 150,000 - 450,000 cells / microliter of blood (uL)
222
Epith of capillary
✔️ Simple Squamous epith - Alveoli, capillaries
▪️ Platelets try to stregthen capillaries so if dec platelets, it will lead to BLEEDING.
223
Capillary fragility test is also known as? 2
✔️ Torniquette test or
✔️ Rumpel-leede test
▪️ If dec platelets, may mga hemorrhages.
224
Fragment of bone marrow cells known as MEGAKARYOCYTES
✔️ Platelets
225
What virus destroy cells of bone marrow
✔️ Dengue fever - destroy cells of bone marrow leading to dec platelets. Kaya nagbbleed
226
Dengue virus is from what family
✔️ Flavivirus
227
It produces antibodies or immunoglobulins
What’s its appearance?
✔️ Plasma cells
✔️ Clockface or Cartwheel appearance
228
Most numerous immunoglobulin
✔️ IgG
229
Immunoglobulin that crosses placental barrier
✔️ IgG
230
Immunoglobulins seen in Periodontitis
✔️ IgG
231
IgG
```
IgG
✔️ most NUMEROUS
✔️ Periodontitis
✔️ Cross tayo placental barrier? G!
✔️ Prevents formation of allergies
```
232
Placental barrier
✔️ PB - allows exchange of gases but does not allow bacteria
▪️ Baby has temporary immunity because of Ig from the mother up to 6 MONTHS ONLY that’s why vaccine vaccine vaccine!
*Vaccine to lessen the symptom but you can still have the virus (covid)
233
Immunoglobulins present in body fluids and GIT
✔️ IgA - body fluids and GIT
234
First line of defense of immunoglobulins
✔️ IgM
▪️ If there is infection, una yung IgM.
235
In antibody test kita, ano Immunoglobulins
✓ IgM
✓ IgG
Positive or negative
• If early stage of infection,
°IgM ➕
° IgG ➖
• If middle of infection,
°IgM ➕
°IgG ➕
•If late stage of infection, pagaling na
°IgM ➖
°IgG ➕
236
COVID
✓ COVID madedetect ng APC then ippresent niya sa CD4 then yung CD4 iaalert niya yung B cells then yung B cells magtatransform sa Plasma cells then magpprobuce ng Antibodies or Immunoglobulins yung Plasma cells.
237
What immunoglobulin is converted to IgG?
✓ IgM (be)
•But actually, not converted naman. Plasma cells change their secretion from IgM to IgG!
238
Types of swab test
✓ Antigen test - Antigen/COVID
✓ RT-PCR Test -more accurate ; GOLD STANDARD
• Antibody test NOOOO bc around 10 days before IgM is detected so INACCURATE!
239
What immunglobulin is active during allergic reactions?
✓ IgE
• Allergic reactions
•PARASITIC infections
240
What immunoglobulins is the defense against allergies?
✓ IgG - DEFENSE against allergies
•IgM - siya yung nagccause ng allergies or present siya sa allergies
241
Unknow function Ig
✓ IgD
242
Its function is to REABSORB fluid that is not reabsorbed by the veins
Its function is to FILTER fluid in circulatory system
FLUID is called?
✓ Lymphatic system
✓ Lymph
243
It is where the arteries and veins meet ; "Exchange system"
✓ Capillaries -lined by simple squamous
244
Carry blood away from the heart
Oxygenated or Deoxygenated
Carry blood towards from the heart
Oxygenated or Deoxygenated
✓ Arteries - Away
•Oxygenated
✓ Veins - Towards
•Deoxygenated
245
Capillary OUT
Capillary IN
Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
Plasma/Blood hydrostatic pressure
Plasma/Blood colloid oncotic pressure
Interstitial fluid osmotic or oncotic pressure
Capillary OUT
✓ Blood Hydrostatic Pressure
✓ Interstitial fluid osmotic or oncotic pressure
Capillary IN
✓ Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
✓ Plasma/Blood colloid oncotic pressure
Kasi diba of HYDROSTATIC pressure - HIGH to LOW
If ONCOTIC/OSMOTIC pressure -LOW to HIGH
* Interstitium is LABAS ng BV
* As the proteins accumulate on interstitium, tumataas osmotic pressure sa interstitium.
* If hydrostatic pressure lang nakalagay, automatic blooc tinutukoy
246
Pressure created by fluid against the capillary wall
✓ Hydrostatic pressure
247
Area or space where you can find cell
✓ Interstitium
248
Pressure created by proteins
Proteins =
✓ Osmotic pressure
✓ Proteins = Colloid
Kaya Colloid osmotic or oncotic pressure
249
Capillary OUT / fluid that move out of capillaries
✓ Blood or Plasma Hydrostatic Pressure
✓ Interstitial fluid osmotic or oncotic pressure
• They both INCREASE FLUID IN THE INTERSTITIUM or increase/excess fluid that move out of the capillaries
250
What do you call the fluid that moves out of the capillaries?
Then it leads to?
✓ Transudate -excess fluid the move out of capillaries which leads to
✓ Swelling or Edema
251
Capillary IN
✓ Interstitial Hydrostatic Pressure
| ✓ Plasma/Blood Oncotic Pressure
252
Most numerous protein in blood?
✓ Albumin
253
What are the PRIMARY Lymphatic Organ
| What are the SECONDARY Lymphatic Organ
Primary
✓ Bone Marrow
✓ Thymus
Secondary
✓ Spleen
✓ Tonsils
✓ Lymph nodes
SeconTaLy
Primary BaTa
254
Lymphatic ducts drains @?
✓ Lymphatic Ducts drains at:
| • JUNCTION of INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN and SUBCLAVIAN VEIN
255
What is the Largest lymphatic duct?
Other term
✓ Left Lymphatic Duct - largest
OR
✓ Thoracic duct
256
Dilated sac at lower end of thoracic duct that drains lymph from INTESTINAL and LUMBAR area
✓ Cisterna Chyli
257
What are the capillary pressure
✓ hYdrostatic pressure
| ✓ Osmotic pressure
258
Pressure that pushen fluid out of the capillaries
✓ Hydrostatic pressure
259
Pressure that moves fluid IN capillaries ; determined by ALBUMIN
✓ Colloid Osmotic Pressure
*If wala nakalagay, automatic blood tinutukoy
260
RED pulp of spleen contains?
WHITE pulp of spleen contains?
RED PULP
✓ RBC
✓ Macrophages
WHITE PULP
✓ B lymphocytrs
✓ T lymphocytes
261
What is the largest system of the body
What are the 2 parts
✓ Integumentary system
✓ Epidermis and Dermis
262
What is the epith of EPIDERMIS?
What are the 4 cell types?
✓ Stratified Squamous Epithelium
✓ Keratinocytes
✓ Melanocytes
✓ Langerhan cells
✓ Merkel cells
263
What is the most numerous cell in epidermis?
It produces?
✓ Kerinocytes - most numerous
| • produces Keratin
264
It produces pigment melanin
Brown to black pigment
Yellow to red pigment
✓ Melanocytes
✓ Eumelanin - brown to black
✓ Pheomelanin - yellow to red
Eu/Ikaw-Pilipino so brown to black
265
Nucleus is usually located AWAY or NEAR the UV RAYS?
AWAY or TOWARD skin?
✓ Away from UV RAYS
✓ Toward the skin
•Melanocyte is VERY SUSCEPTIBLE to UV RAYS kaya takot na takot so lumalalayo siya sa uv rays so napupunta malapit sa skin
266
What is the embyronic origin of melanocytes?
✓ Neural Crest Cells
267
Embryonic origin of MELANOCYTES and NEUROGLIA
✓ Neural crest cells - Melanocytes and Neuroglia
268
Macrophage of epidermis?
✓ Langerhans cells
269
Least numerous cells in epidermis?
Located where
✓ Merkel cells - LEAST numerous
| •located at STARUM BASALE (pinakailalim)
270
Responsible for sense of touch?
✓ Merkel cells
| ✓ Meissners corpuscle
271
Merkel cells contact a sensory neuron called
✓ Merkel disc or Tactile disk
272
What are the layers of epidermis?
```
BSGLC (deepest to surface)
✓ Stratum Basale
✓ Stratum Spinosum
✓ Stratum Granulosum
✓ Stratum Lucidum
✓ Stratum Corneum
```
273
Deepest layer
✓ Stratum Basale
274
Keratin comes from?
| Or the derivation of protein
✓ Tonofilaments - derivation of keratin
275
Tonofilament is found where?
✓ Stratum Basale
| • Tonofilament is found at deepest layer which is SB. So sa SB wala pang keratin pero merong keratofilament.
276
What layer of epidermis has the highest mitotic activity of keratinocytes?
```
✓ Stratum Basale
• Deepest
• Site of TONOFILAMENT PRODUCTION
• X keratin ; ✓ Tonofilaments
• Highest MITOTIC acitivty of KERATINOCYTES
```
277
What are the 2 cells found at Stratum Basale?
✓ Merkel cells - for TOUCH sensation
✓ Melanocytes - melanin production in melanosome
•Pasale daw si Mela at Merk
278
Site of tonofilament production?
✓ Stratum Basale
✓ Stratum Spinosum
dalwang deep
279
Other term for stratum spinosum
Stratum spinosu or
✓ Prickle cell layer
✓ Spiny layer
✓Stratum Spinosum
• sute of tonofilament production same as SB
• BUT nagddecrease na yung mitotic activity of melanocytes
280
Langerhans cells is found where? What specific layer of epidermis?
✓ Statum Spinosum
•Spine or Spiny yung Hanger or langerhans
281
What are the active layers of epidermis?
✓ Epidermis
• X nerve supply
• X blood supply
✓ Active layer
• Stratum Basale
• Stratum Spinosum
282
Combinatiom of Stratum Basale And Stratum Spinosum?
✓ Stratum Germinativum or
✓ Malphigian layer
*BS!!!!
283
Disease assoc. with ABSENCE of melanin?
Disease assoc with DEFICIENCY in melanin?
✓ ALBINISM
• NO MELANIN
• Normal count of melanocyte but cannot create melanin bc kulang yung ENZYME
✓ VITILIGO
• Deficieny ni melanin
• Yung jowa ni kyle kuzma na model
284
Amino acid needed to produce melanin, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroxine?
```
✓ TYROSINE - needed to produce
• Dopamine
• Epi
• Norpi
• Thyroxine
• Melanin
```
285
Layer of epi with granules
✓ Stratum Granulosum
• cells are undergoing APOPTOSIS - programmed cell death
• NO MITOTIC ACTIVITY - bc deficient na sa nutrients
• NO TONOFILAMENTS
286
Keratin is produced where?
✓ STRATUM GRANULOSUM
Keratin sa SG!
Tono sa SB!
287
What are the 2 granules?
✓ Keratohyalin granules
| ✓ Lamellar granules
288
Converts tonofilament to keratin
Layer of lipid
Preserve moisture on skin to prevent drying
✓ KERATOHYALIN granules
•converts TONOFILAMENT to KERATIN
✓ LAMELLAR granules
• layer of LIPID
• preserve MOISTURE on skin to PREVENT DRYING
289
Other term from Stratum Lucidum
Where is it found
✓ Translucen layer or
✓ Clear cell layer
✓ Stratum Lucidum found @ THICK SKIN like
• FINGERTIPS
• PALMS
• SOLES
290
Horny layer
Most numerous layer
✓ Stratum Corneum - Horny
• MOST NUMEROUS
* dami horny
291
What is the thickest layer?
What is the most mumerous layer?
✓ Stratum Spinosum - THICKEST
✓ Stratum Corneum - MOST NUMEROUS
292
Abnormal thickening of S. Corneum due to constant friction?
Rapid multiplication of keratinocytes
Keratinocytes divise and move more quickly
✓ CALLUS - abn thickening
✓ PSORIASIS
•rapid multiplication of keratinocytes
• keratinocytes divide and move quickly
• NO PROTECTIVE FUNCTION
• PREMATURE shedding of Skin
293
Excess keratinocyte shedding @ SCALP
What is SCALP
✓ Dandruffs
```
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeuroses
Loose connective tissue
Periosteum
```
294
S/s of Psoriasis
SAM
✓ Silvery scales
✓ Auspitz sign
✓ Monroes abscess
295
Cardinal sign of psoriasis
✓ Monroe's abscess
296
Bleeding spots in psoriasis
✓ Auspitz sign
297
Abnormal keratin production
✓ Silvery scales
• abn thickening production
• thicken skin
298
Second part of integumentary system
✓ Dermis
299
Whick is thicker? Epi or Dermis
✓ DERMIS is THICKER
300
Dermis is made up of?
✓ Collagen and
| ✓ Elastic fibers
301
What provides blood supply for epidermis?
✓ Dermis
302
What are the 2 layers of dermis?
✓ Papillary layer
| ✓ Reticular layer
303
Rete pegs is found where?
✓ Rete pegs @ Epidermis
304
Rete pegs is found where?
Dermal papilla is found where?
✓ Rete pegs @ Epidermis
•projects toward DERMIS
✓ Dermal papillae @ Dermis
•projects toward epidermis
305
Where is dermal papillae found? What layer of dermis?
✓ @ Dermis PAPILLARY LAYER
✓ Papillary layer is THINNER
306
Which is thicker? Reticular or papillary
✓ RETICULAR LAYER is THICKER
• attached to subcutaneous later on hypodermis
• MAJOR NUTRIENT SUPPLIER FOR SKIN
Nasa ilalim
307
What are epidermal projections toward dermis?
✓ Rete pegs
308
Wjat are nipple like projections toward epidermis?
✓ Dermal papillae
309
Disease asslciated with SAW-TOOTH like rete pegs
✓ LICHEN PLANUS
•SAW-tooth like rete pegs
✓ LICHEN PLANUS
• Hx : ABSENCE OF RETE PEGS
• White lesions commonly seen on buccal mucosa "Wickham's striae"
310
MECHANORECEPTORS
Receptor for touch
Hot and Stretch
Cold
Pressure and propriception
Main receptor for proprioception found in JOINTS
Pain
✓ TOUCH
•Meissners corpuscle/corpuscle of touch
°numerous on THICK SKIN
• Merkels Disc (Tactile Disc)
✓Hot and Stretch
• Ruffini's corpuscles or Bulbous corpuscles
✓ Cold
• End bulb of Krause
✓ Pressure and Proprioception
• Pacinian corpuscles
✓ Main receptor for proprioception found in JOINTS
• Proprioceptors
✓ Pain - also free nerve endings
• Nociceptors
311
Onion shape receptor
✓ Pacinian corpuscles
312
To detect position of the body
✓ Proprioception
•Look somewhere then move your finger up or down. You'll know if it's up or down even if di mo kita siz. Thats bc of proprioceptors
313
Other term for scar
Formation of scar
3 types of scar
✓ Cicatrix
✓ Cicatrization
✓ Atrophic scar
✓ Hypertrophic scar
✓ Keloid / Cheloid
314
Sunken scar
Slightly elevated scar
Excessively elevated scar
✓ Atrophic scar - sunken
✓ Hypertrophic scar - slightly elevated
✓ Keloid / Cheloid - excessively elevated scar
315
Melanin deposit on skin due to exposure lagi sa UV Rays
Other term
✓ Ephelis or Ephelides - Freckles
• Melanin deposoit on skin due to exposure sa UV rays.
• SO ALWAYS USE SUNBLOCK!!!!
316
Melanocyte overgrowth
Excessive multiplication of melanocyte
✓ Mole / Nevus
•melanocyte overgrowth
• excessive multiplication of melanocyte
317
What is the most dangerous type of nevus?
Deadliest skin cancer?
✓ JUNCTIONAL Nevus
• most DANGEROURS bc it commonly transforms to MALIGNANT MELANOMA and MM is the deadliest skin cancer
• Junctional nevus is the mole on junction of epidermis and dermis
✓ Malignant melanoma
• deadliest skin cancer
• usually 3-6 months :(((( wala na
318
Pain the is coming from a part of the body which is not there
✓ Phantom pain
• like kay Arizona Robbins
• due to CHEMOTHERAPHY
319
Skin color can be affected by? Give 3
✓ Melanin
✓ Carotene
✓ Hemoglobin
320
2 types of melanin
✓ Eumelanin - brown to black
| ✓ Pheomelanin - yellow to red
321
It is a RED protein that carries oxygen
Normal on female
Normal on male
Average
✓ Hemoglobin
• Red protein that carries oxygen
• RBC
✓ Female Hemoglobin
• 12-14 g/dl
✓ Male Hemoglobin
• 14-16 g/dl
✓Average Hemoglobin
• 14 g / dl
• 15 g / dl
322
Orange pigment
For Vitamin A production
✓ Carotene
•orange pigments ; carrots
• for Vit. A (Retinol) production
323
Other term for Vit. A
✓ Retinol
| • Vit A ; vision, skin, bone, etc.
324
Difficulty to see at night?
✓ Nyctalopia / Night blindness
• diff to see at night
• kalabasa to prevent developing nyctalopia
325
Keratin accumulation on eyes?
✓ Bitot's spots
| • keratin accumulation on eyes
326
Vit. B1
Vit. B2
Vit. B3
Vit. B4
Vit. B5
Vit. B6
Vit. B7
Vit. B8
Vit. B9
Vit. B10
Vit. B11
Vit. B12
Vit. C
Vit. B1 - THIAMINE
Vit. B2 - RIBOFLAVIN
Vit. B3 - NIACIN / NICOTINIC ACID
Vit. B4 - Adenine
Vit. B5 - Pantothenic Acid
Vit. B6 - PYRIDOXINE
Vit. B7 - BIOTIN
Vit. B8 - Inositol
Vit. B9 - FOLIC ACID
Vit. B10 - PABA (Para amino benzoic acid)
Vit. B11 - Salicyclic acid
Vit. B12 - COBALAMIN / CYANOCOBALAMIN
Vit. C - ASCORBIC ACID
327
Vitamin for energy production ( muscle / nerve)
Deficiency
Vitamin for energy production ( muscle / nerve)
✓ Vit. B1 (THIAMINE)
Vit. B1 deficiency?
✓ BERI - BERI
328
Growth and RBC production
Deficiency
Growth and RBC production
✓ Vit. B2 (RIBOFLAVIN)
Vit. B2 deficiency
✓ ANGULAR CHEILITIS - inflamm on angle of lips or "PERLECHE"
✓ GLOSSITIS
✓ SORE THROAT
329
Digestion / ATP production
Deficiency
Digestion / ATP production
✓ Vit. B3 (NIACIN / NICOTINIC ACID)
Vit. B3 deficiency
✓ PELLAGRA
330
4 Ds of pellagra
✓ Diarrhea
✓ Dementia
✓ Dermatitis
✓ Death
331
RBC production ; Important for pregnancy (organogenesis)
Deficiency
✓ Vit. B9 (FOLIC ACID)
• RBC production ; Important for pregnancy (organogenesis)
✓ Vit. B9 deficiency
• MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA
*Take B9 prior to pregnancy
332
Vit. B12
Deficiency
✓ Vit. B12 ( CYANOCOBALAMIN / COBALAMIN)
• RBC production
✓ Vit. B12 deficiency
• PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
333
Pernicious anemia is assoc with what type of tongue
✓ BEEFY TONGUE
| • Pernicious anemia / Vit. B12 deficiency
334
Promotes wound healing and maintains healthy tissue
Deficiency
✓ Vit. C (Ascorbic acid)
• Promotes wound healing and maintains healthy tissue
• Collagen
✓ Vit. C deficiency
• SCURVY
335
What type of gingivits is assoc. with Vit. C deficiency
✓ Scorbutic Gingivitis
✓ SCURVY -----> SCORBUTIC GINGIVITIS
336
For calcium absorption
Deficiency in adults and children
✓ Vit. D (Calciferol) "SUNSHINE VITAMIN"
• For calcium absorption
✓ RICKETS - children
✓ OSTEOMALACIA - adults
337
Antioxidant for RBC
✓ Vit. E (TOCOPHEROL)
| • Antidoxidant for RBC
338
Produced by SMALL INTESTINE
Deficiency
✓ Vit. K
• produced by small intestine
• for CLOTTING
✓ Vit. K deficiency
• BLEEDING TENDENCY
Klotting
339
What are the water soluble and fat soluble vitamins
✓ WATER soluble
• Vit. B
• Vit. C
• Easily excreted via URINE
✓ FAT soluble
• ADEK
• Nasstore sa fats / adipocytes
340
Absence of melanin / Melanocytes can't produce melanin
✓ ALBINISM
| • Absence of melanin / Melanocytes can't produce melanin
341
Deficiency of melanin on certain parts of body
✓ Vitiligo
• Deficiency of melanin on certain parts of body
• jowa ni kyle kuzma
342
Bluish color due to inadequate oxygen
BLUE BABY Syndrome (3 ds.)
✓ Cyanosis
• bluish color due to inadequate oxygen
✓ Blue baby syndrome
1. CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS
• doesn't form normally
• TETRALOGY OF FALLOT ----> Bluish baby
2. ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS
•Rh incompatibility
3. METHEMOGLOBINEMIA
• accumulation of methemoglobin
343
Hemoglobin that CANNOT carry OXYGEN
✓ Methemoglobin
• hemoglobin that CANNOT carry OXYGEN
• abnormal type of hemoglobin
✓ Methemoglobinemia
• accumulation of methemeglobin
• cam be due to genetics, drugs, etc.
344
Subtype of hemolytic anemia
✓ Erythroblastosis fetalis
• subtype of HEMOLYTIC anemia
• normal RBC production but the RBC has a very SHORT LIFESPAN
345
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
✓ ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS
• Rh incompatibility
+ - RTESUS FACTOR yung + -
DOMINANT RECESSIVE
Kunwari Rh + father tas Rh - mother then baby nila is Rh +
So ang mangyayari, immune system nung mother will generate Ig against Rh + blood type.
Pero yung FIRST baby, NORMAL pa not yet affected kasi nagfform pa lang ng antibodies/ immunity yung mother.
Yung SECOND baby, form na yung antibodies.
So, HEMOYLTIC anemia ---> namamatay agad RBC
dec. RBC = dec. OXYGEN = BLUISH baby / Blue baby syndrome
If Rh - father, Rh + mother then Rh + baby, no problem.
346
Drugs to prevent Erythroblastosis fetalis
✓ Rhogam / Rhogram
347
Unhealthy pale appearance due to SHOCK or ANEMIA
✓ Pallor
348
SKIN HAIR
SKIN HAIR
349
Responsible for hair growth / pili growth
✓ Hair matrix cells
| • Responsible for hair growth / pili growth
350
Smooth muscles for " GOOSEBUMPS"
✓ Arrector pili muscles
| • goosebumpssss
351
Smallest muscle in human body
✓ Arrector pili muscle
• SMALLEST MUSCLE in human body
• SMOOTH MUSCLE
• " GOOSEBUMPS "
352
Smallest skeletal muscle
Smallest smooth muscle
Smallest muscle in human body
✓ Stapedius
• smallest skeletal muscles
✓ Arrector Pili muscle
• smallest smooth muscles
• smallest muscles in human bodya
353
How many SKELETAL muscles in human body?
✓ 650 skeletal muscles
354
Responsible for TOUCH sensation of hair
✓ Hair root PLEXUS
• Responsible for TOUCH sensation of hair
• pag sinasabunutan
355
Partial or complete loss of hairs
✓ ALOPECIA
| • partial or complete loss of hair
356
Drugs for alopecia
Drugs for ALOPECIA
✓ MINOXIDIL - vasoDILATOR
```
MOA
Vasodilation of BV
⬇️
Increase blood flow
⬇️
Multiplication of cell
⬇️
Increase hair growth
```
357
Abnormal androgens causing baldness
✓ Androgenic alopecia
358
Androgens came primarily from?
✓ ZONA RETICULARIS of Adrenal gland
ANDROGENS is a male sex hormone that promotes
✓✓✓ HAIR GROWTH
359
Baby hair
✓ Lanugo - baby hair
360
Excessive hair growth in localized area
Excessive hair growth in generalized area
✓ HIRSUTISM - localized area
• genetic disorder ; abnormal genes
• kung san san tumutubo hair like palms wrists
✓ HYPERTRICHOSIS - generalized area
361
Werewolf sydrome
```
✓ Hypertrichosis
• "WEREWOLF syndrome"
• generalized
• also a genetic disorder ; INHERITED
• usually namamana ng LALAKI
```
362
It is the oil on skin or it lubricates hair and skin
✓ SEBUM
• it is oil on skin ; lubricates hair and skin
✓ SEBACEOUS GLAND secretes SEBUM to prevent water from evaporating from skin!!!!
363
It produces sweat
Other term
✓ SUDORIFEROUS glands or Sweat glands
| • produces sweat
364
2 types of sudoriferous gland / sweat gland
✓ ECCRINE sweat glands
| ✓ APOCRINE sweat glands
365
Sweat glands found on axilla?
✓ APOCRINE sweat glands
366
APOCRINE glands is found mainly on?
ECCRINE gland is found on?
```
✓ APOCRINE
• Axilla
• Areola
• Perianal areas
(kilikili, nipples, pwetty)
```
✓ ECCRINE
• THROUGHOUT the body
367
Waxy material in ear
Secreted by?
✓ Cerumen
| • waxy material on ear secreted by CERUMINOUS glands
368
What is the active form of vitamin D?
✓ CalciTRIol or 1, 25 - DIHYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL
369
We need _____ to synthesize Vit. D
Vit D is for?
✓ ofc SUNSHINE
✓ Vit D is for CALCIUM ABSORPTION
370
VIT. D SYNTHESIS
Una, merong molecule sa skin natin na tinatawag na
7- dehydrocholesterol (inactive) ; since inactive siya need mo ng UV rays para mactivate siya.
Then once activated na 7- dehydrocholesterol will be transported sa LIVER !!!! Then pagdating ng liver, icoconvert siya ng liver para maging CALCIDIOL (inactive) pero inactive pa rin siya.
So CALCIDIOL will be transported sa KIDNEY ; then yung KIDNEY icoconvert siya to CALCITRIOL (active) ; yan na yung active form ng Vit. D.
CALCITRIOL (active form) yung mismong resposible for
CALCIUM ABSORPTION
And other term form CACITRIOL is? 1, 25 dihydroxycholecalciferol
371
Vit. D deficiency for adults
Vit. D deficiency for children
✓ OSTEOMALACIA
• Vit. D deficiency for ADULTS
• AFTER closure of epiphyseal plates
✓ RICKETS
• Vit. D deficienct for CHILDREN
• BEFORE closure of epiphyseal plates
372
Rickets is assoc with?
✓ BOWLEGS / SABER SHIN presentation
Saber (sword)
Shin (tibia)
RICKETS RICKETS RICKETS RICKETS
373
Bowlegs or Saber shin can be seen on what ds? 2
✓ Rickets
| ✓ Congenital form of SYPHILIS
374
What is Vit. D2?
What is Vit. D3?
✓ Ergocalciferol (2 Cs) Vit. D2
✓ Cholecalciferol (3 Cs) Vit. D3
375
Sensitive skin when exposed to light rays, especially UV
Drugs likely to cause this
✓ PHOTOSENSITIVITY
• Sensitive skin when exposed to light rays, especially UV
✓ Drugs likely to cause photosensitivity
• DOXYCYCLINE or TETRACYCLINE
• some NSAIDS
376
What are the 3 basic forms of SKIN cancer
✓ SCC
✓ Basal cell carcinoma
✓ Melanoma
377
What is the most common skin cancer?
✓ BASAL CC
| • MOST COMMON SKIN cancer
378
DEADLIEST skin cancer
Deadliest bc?
✓ MELANOMA
| • DEADLIEST skin cancer bc of HIGH METASTATIC RATE
379
MOST COMMON CANCER OF ORAL CAVITY
✓ SCC
| • most common cancer of oral cavity
380
Malignancy of stratum basale
```
✓ BASAL cell carcinoma
• most common skin cancer
• commonly sa MIDFACE
• common sa mga FARMERS
• malignany of stratum BASALE
```
BCC is SLOW GROWING but can undergo metastasis
381
2 common route of metastasis?
* Cancer ----> automatic malignant ; malignant undergoes metastasis
* Cancer is very invasive and fast growing
✓ Lymphatic vessels
✓ Blood vessels
382
Px with indurated chronic lesion on inner canthus of eye. What possible disease?
✓ Basal Cell Carcinoma
• CHRONIC (slow growing)
• INNER CANTHUS (midface)
383
Most common site of SCC?
Most common INTRAORAL site of SCC?
✓ LOWER LIP
• most common site
✓ POSTEROLATERAL CORNER OF TONGUE
• most common INTRAORAL site
Sqamous Cell Carcinoma
• 2nd most common skin cancer
• Most common skin cancer of ORAL cavity
Lower lip bc yung upper lip nasshade ng nose
384
What is the histologic feature of SCC?
✓ Keratin pearl
385
What cancer presents keratin pearl?
✓ SCC - KERATIN pearls
386
Clinical features of melanoma
Melanoma
• DEADLIEST SKIN cancer bc of HIGH metastatic rate
Clinical features
A - Assymetry (Irregular shape)
B - Border (Irregular border)
C - Color ( Irregular color)
D - Diameter (Larger than ordinary moles)
E - Evolving (change in size, shape, color)
387
What are the 2 growth pattern of melanoma
✓ Radial growth / Horizontal growth
✓ Vertical growth
388
More dangerous growth pattern for melanoma?
✓ VERTICAL growth
| • more dangerous because it allows tumor/melanoma to ENTER DERMIS ------> METASTASIS
389
It assess percentage of burnt body part
✓ Rule of 9
| • assess percentage of burnt body part
390
Fluid filled in epidermis to dermis
Large fluid filled
Smalle fluid filled
✓ BLISTER
• fluid - filled in epidermis to dermis
✓ BULA / BULAE
• LARGE blister with fluid
• >5 mm
✓ VESICLE
• small blister with fluid
• <5 mm
391
Fluid - filled skin lesion?
a. Bulae
b. Vesicle
A. BULAE
Go for bulae, bc vesicle has several meanings.
392
Fluid - filled but with developed epithelial wall / lining
✓ Cyst
• Fluid - filled but with developed EPITHELIAL wall / lining
• may be air filled, semi-fluid or fluid filled
393
What is the most common lining of cyst?
✓ STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
394
Elevation on skin < 10 mm in dia
Elevation on skin > 10 mm in dia
Alin diyan yung nipple like projection and dome-shaped or dome like
✓ Papule
• < 10 mm
• mas maliit
• NIPPLE - like projection / PAPILLA
✓ NODULE
• > 10 mm
• mas malaki
• DOME - SHAPED
395
Elevation on skin < 10 mm in dia
Elevation on skin > 10 mm in dia
Alin diyan yung nipple like projection and dome-shaped or dome like
✓ Papule
• < 10 mm
• mas maliit
• NIPPLE - like projection / PAPILLA
✓ NODULE
• > 10 mm
• mas malaki
• DOME - SHAPED
396
Dome shaped muscle?
✓ Diaphragm
| • when RELAXED (EXHALE)
397
During deep exhalation, what happens?
✓ Diaphragm RELAXES and moves SUPERIORLY
• As we INHALE,
°diaphragm CONTRACTS and
°move INFERIORLY ; FLATTENS
• As we EXHALE,
° diaphragm RELAXES and
° move SUPERIORLY (DOME-SHAPED)
° As it relaxes, it pushes the lungs para maexhale air
398
Reddened, elevated, itchy patches of skin ; usually seen in allergic reactions
✓ HIVES / URTICARIA
• Reddened, elevated, itchy patches of skin
• usually seen in allergic reactions
399
Most imp hormone in allergic reactions?
✓ HISTAMINE
400
Itching
✓ PRURITUS - itching
401
Common wart
✓ VERRUCA VULGARIS
• common wart
• caused by HPV
* HPV also causes CERVICAL cancer
