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2021 > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of SKELETAL system

A 
✓ Support
✓ Protection
✓ Movement
✓ Storage for Mineral (mainly)
     • especially CALCIUM and PHOSPATE
✓ Blood production (Hematopoiesis)
✓ Fat storage
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2
Q

Most calcium in our body stores in?

A

✓ Bone tissues

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3
Q

Blood production @?

Fat storage @?

A

✓ RED bone marrow
• Hematopoiesis (blood production)

✓ YELLOW bone marrow
• FAT storage

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4
Q

How many bones in adult?

How many axial and appendicular bones?

How many skull bones?

How many facial and cranial bones?

A

✓ 206 bones
• 22 SKULL bones
° 14 FACIAL bones
° 8 CRANIAL bones

✓ 80 axial bones (central/gitna/axis)

✓ 126 appendicular bones

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5
Q

Weakest point in the skull?

A

✓ PTERION
• WEAKEST point in skull
• mabilis madamage

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6
Q

Pterion is made up of what bones?

Asterion is made up of?

A 
✓ PTERION (PFST)
    • Parietal
    • Frontal
    • Sphenoid
    • Temporal

✓ ASTERION (TOP)
• Temporal
• Occipital
• Parietal

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7
Q

Bones of newborn

Bones of adult

Skeletal muscles of adult

A

✓ 270-350 bones in NEWBORN (not definite).

✓ 206 BONES in ADULT

✓ 650 SKELETAL muscles in ADULT

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8
Q

Types of bones

A 
✓ Long bones
✓ Short bones
✓ Flat bones
✓ Irregular bones
✓ Sesamoid bones
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9
Q

Limbs is what type of bones

A

✓ Long bones - Limb

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10
Q

Carpals is what type of bone

Mnemonics for proximal and dstal row

A

✓ Short bones - Carpal

Stop Letting Those People
Touch The Cadaver’s Hand

(Proximal to Distal row) ; (Lateral to Medial) PDLM

PROXIMAL Row
✓ Scaphoid
✓ Lunate
✓ Triquetrum
✓ Pisiform
DISTAL Row
✓ Trapezium
✓ Trapezoid
✓ Capitate
✓ Hamate
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11
Q

Tarsal mnemonics

A

Tall Centers Never Take Shots From Coners

✓ Talus
✓ Calcaneus
✓ Navicular
✓ Third Cuneiform
✓ Second Cuneiform
✓ First Cuneiform
✓ Cuboid
Tiger Cubs Need MILC
✓ Talus
✓ Calcaneus
✓ Navicular
✓ Middle Cuneiform
✓ Intermediate Cuneiform
✓ Lateral Cuneiform
✓ Cuboid
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12
Q

Examples of flat bones ( Give 4)

A 
Flat bones (SSSR)
✓ Scapula
✓ Sternum
✓ Skull
✓ Ribs
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13
Q

Samples of irregular bones (give 1)

A

Irregular bones

✓ Vertebrae

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14
Q

How many vertebrae in adults and children

How many sacrum and coccyx in children

A

✓ 26 adults

✓ 33 children because of Sacrum and Coccyx

✓ Sacrum - 5
✓ Coccyx - 4

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15
Q

Type of bone that grows in a tendon or a ligament

A

✓ Sesamoid bone
• type of bone that grows in a tendon or ligament
• PATELLA

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16
Q

Patella is what tyoe of bone?

A

✓ PATELLA - SESAMOID BONE

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17
Q

Spongy bone that is sandwich by compact bone?

A

✓ DIPLOE

• Spongy bone that is sandwich by compact bone?

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18
Q

Best example of diploe?

A

DIPLOE

✓ FLAT BONES of SKULL

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19
Q

Sternal angle is what type of cartilage?

A

✓ Sternal angle - FIBROCARTILAGE

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20
Q

Cells found in bone tissues

A

✓ Osteogenic / Osteoprogenitor cells
✓ Osteoblasts
✓ Osteocytes
✓ Osteoclasts

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21
Q

Only bone cell that can undergo CELL DIVISION / MITOSIS

A

✓ OSTEOGENIC or OSTEOPROGENITOR cells
• bone stem cell that undergo MITOSIS
• only bone cell that can undergo cell division
• SOURCE of NEW BONE
• found along PERIOSTEUM and ENDOSTEUM

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22
Q

If bone is detach from periosteum, would you remove it or preserve?

A

✓ If bone is DETACH from PERIOSTEUM
• REMOVE it bc it will lead to NECROSIS

✓ If bone is still ATTACHED to PERIOSTEUM,
• you can PRESERVE / OBSERVE

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23
Q

Bone cell for bone formation / deposition

A

✓ Osteoblast
• for bone formation or deposition
• came from OSTEOGENIC CELLS

*Osteogenic cells transform into Osteoblast

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24
Q

Secretes bone matrix called osteoid

A

✓ Osteoblasts
• for bone formation or deposition
• came from OSTEOGENIC CELLS
• secretes BONE MATRIX called OSTEOID
• synthesize and secrete COLLAGEN fibers and MINERALS

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25
Bone matrix
✓ OSTEOID • bone matrix • semi-fluid material OB ; Osteoid ( may fluid ) ; then CALCIUM and PHOSPHATE will go to osteoid -------> then it will become BONE
26
What is the difference between osteoid and bone?
✓ Bone is HIGHLY mineralized ; Osteoid is non-mineralized
27
Mature bone cells/osteoblast that maintains the bone
✓ OSTEOCYTES | • Mature bone cells/osteoblast that maintains the bone
28
Osteocytes is found in space called? Osteoclasts is found in space called?
✓ Osteocytes - LACUNAE ✓ Osteoclast - HOWSHIP'S LACUNAE
29
Phagocytes or macrophage of bone
✓ Osteoclasts • Phagocytes or macrophage of bone • for bone DESTRUCTION or bone RESORPTION • found in HOWSHIP'S LACUNAE
30
Strongest form of bone
✓ Compact bone | • strongest form of bones
31
Spongy bone other term
✓ Spongy bone | • Trabecullar bone / Spongy bone
32
Found @ center of haversian system or osteon?
``` ✓ Haversian canal ✓ Neurovasvular Bundle ✓ Blood vessels ✓ Nerves ✓ Arteris ```
33
Immature bone that is fibrous is called? As the bone matures, it will become?
✓ WOVEN bone • immature bone that is fibrous • ⬆️ FIBERS ; ⬇️ minerals • assoc. with CHILDREN ✓ LAMELLAR bone • ⬇️ fibers ; ⬆️ MINERAL • As the bone matures, nagigin lamellar • Adults
34
Canals perpendicular to haversian canal (2 terms)
✓ VOLKMANN'S canal or ✓ PERFORATING canal • canal perpendicular to haversian canal
35
Other name for alveolar bone proper?
✓ Bundle bone or | ✓ CRIBRIFORM plate
36
Bone immediately adjacent to the roots of tooth Clinically (3 terms) Radiographically
✓ Alveolar bone proper or Bundle bone or Cribriform plate ✓ Lamina Dura - RO
37
Dental condition assoc. With absence of lamina dura? Medical condition assoc. With absence of lamina dura?
✓ Periodontitis • xxx Lamina dura ✓ HYPERPARATHYROIDISM • xxx lamina dura
38
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism • ⬆️ Parathyroid hormone • ⬆️ blood calcium levels • excessive calcium Eh yung PTH, nag-iinduce siya ng bone resorption. Kumbaga sa bone kukunin yung calcium para dumami calcium sa blood. So ang nangyayari nalulusaw yung bone or yung lamina dura
39
Bony plate underlying periosteum and endosteum
✓ CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAMELLA | • bony plate underlying periosteum and endosteum
40
Outer or Inner Circumferential lamellae Lines the medullary cavity or bone marrow cavity Peneterated by sharpey's fibers
✓ CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAMELLA • bony plate underlying periosteum and endosteum ✓ OUTER CL • Peneterated by sharpey's fibers • immediately adjacent sa tooth ✓ INNER CL • Lines the medullary cavity or bone marrow cavity • medyo paloob na ng bone marrow cavity
41
Ligament embedded within the bone
✓ Sharpey's fibers •Ligament embedded within the bone Nakikita sa OUTER CL
42
Characteristics of sharpeys fiber?
Sharpey's fiber | • HIGHLY MINERALIZED ligament bc nasa bone so nakakakuha siya mineral sa bone
43
Parts of long bone
``` ✓ Diaphysis ✓ Epiphysis ✓ Metaphysis ✓ Articular cartilage ✓ Periosteum ✓ endosteum ✓ Medullary cavity ```
44
Shaft of long bone END of long bone Part of long bone that contains bone marrow
✓ DIAPHYSIS - SHAFT ✓ EPIPHYSIS • END of long bone • Part of long bone that contains BONE MARROW
45
B/w diaphysis and epiphysis
✓ METAPHYSIS
46
Articulating surface ; creates contact to another bone
✓ ARTICULATING cartilage • creates contact to ANOTHER bone • articulating surface
47
Source of osteoprogenitor cellls Lining of medullary cavity
✓PERIOSTEUM and ENDOSTEUM • Source of OSTEOPROGENITOR cells ✓ PERIOSTEUM • DENSE irregular tissue • Source of OSTEOPROGENITOR cells ✓ ENDOSTEUM • Lining of medullary cavity • source of osteoprogenitor cells
48
Medullary cavity or marrow cavity contains
✓ RED bone marrow ( FETUS) ✓ YELLOW bone marrow (ADULTS)
49
Extractin of max. 3rd molar (8). Fracture of max tuberosity. Fractured bone is attached to periosteum. What is TOC?
✓ STABILIZED the bone using SUTURES since still attached pa
50
Age of organism from day of fertilization --> implantation Day of implantation ---> 8 weeks of development 8 weeks ---> birth
✓ Zygote • Age of organism from day of fertilization --> implantation ✓ Embryo • Day of implantation ---> 8 weeks of development ✓ Fetus • 8 weeks ---> birth
51
Blood production?
✓ Hematopoiesis
52
Site of hematopoiesis for EMRYO? Site of hematopoiesis for FETUS? Site of hematopoiesis after BIRTH?
✓ YOLK SAC ; BLOOD ISLANDS • Hematopoiesis of EMRYO ✓ LIVER ; also SPLEEN and LYMPH NODE • Hematopoiesis of FETUS ✓ RED BONE MARROW • after BIRTH *As we grow old, yung RED bone marrow sa long bones nagiging YELLOW bone marrow
53
Main bones inv. hematopoiesis in children? Main bones inv. hematopoiesis in adults?
✓ LONG BONES • children ``` ✓ PELVIS ✓ SKULL ✓ STERNUM ✓ VERTEBRA • adult ```
54
2 types of bone formation
✓ Intramembranous | ✓ Endochondral
55
Indirect bone growth Direct bone growth Intramembranous or Endochondral Bones that are FIRST to be formed? I or E?
✓ INTRAMEMBRANOUS • DIRECT bone growth • Bone stem cells directly transforms into bone • Bones that are FIRST to be formed ✓ ENDOCHONDRAL • INDIRECT bone growth - begins with cartilage b4 becoming bone • HYALINE CARTILAGE muna then bone
56
What cartilage transforms into bone tissue?
✓ HYALINE CARTILAGE • cartilage that transforms into bone tissue • like epiphyseal plate
57
What is the first bone to form in the human body? Intramembranous or Endochondral What is the very first bone to form?
✓ INTRAMEMBRANOUS • first bone to form in the human body ✓ CLAVICLE • very FIRST bone to form • BOTH EC and IM
58
What is the most commonly fractured bone in human body?
✓ CLAVICLE • very FIRST bone to form • BOTH EC and IM • MOST COMMONLY FRACTURED
59
First bones to develop???? I or E? MOST BONES are formed by? I or E?
✓ INTRAMEMBRANOUS yung FIRST bones to develop but ✓ ENDOCHONDRAL yung most bones
60
What bones undergo endochondral ossification?
✓ SPHENOID ✓ PETROUS PART OF TEMPORAL BONE ✓ ETHMOID ✓ CONDYLE OF MANDIBLE ✓ OCCIPITAL BONE (BASILAR PART) ✓ LONG BONES OF LIMBS ✓ SHORT BONES OF LIMBS
61
It is a bat-shaped or butterfly shaped bone
✓ SPHENOID | • It is a bat-shaped or butterfly shaped bone
62
What is the hardest structure in head and neck?
✓ PETROUS part of temporal bone
63
What are the 2 parts of temporal bone ; Alin nasa inside and outside ; Alin yung via intramembranous and endochondral
✓ Squamous part - outside palpable ; INTRAMEMBRANOUS ✓ Petrous part - inside; yung pinakamatigas ; ENDOCHONRAL
64
Wallnut shaped bone?
✓ ETHMOID | • WALLNUT
65
Wjat part of mandible yung endochondral?
✓ CONDYLE
66
Wjat part of mandible yung endochondral?
✓ CONDYLE
67
2 parts of occipital bone? Alin intramembranous and endochondral?
✓ SQUAMOUS part - asa labas ; INTRAMEMBRANOUS ✓ BASILAR PART - inside ; ENDOCHONDRAL
68
Endochondral formations usually alin lumalabas boards
ENDOCHONDRAL ✓ Sphenoid ✓ Ethmoid ✓ Condyle
69
Most commonly fractured bone in human body? Most commonly fracture facial bone?
✓ Clavicle - human body ✓ NASAL Bone - facial bone
70
Other term for nasal bone Nasal bone in deficient in px with
✓ Nasal bone "Bridge of nose" • most commonly fractured facial bone DEFICIENT in patients with ✓ Down syndrome ✓ Achondroplasia / Achondroplastic dwarfism
71
Nose bleeding Anong plexus yung nadadamage usually pag super init Management if nose bleeding
✓ Epistaxis • nose bleeding ✓ KIESSELBACH'S plexus • "Little's area" ; an ARTERY ✓ Cold compress for VC or yuko para magflow blood palabas
72
Strongest bone in head and neck? Strongest bone in human body? Smallest bone? Strongest facial bone?
✓ PETROUS part of temporal bone • head and neck ✓ FEMUR • LONGEST and STRONGEST bone in human body kaya masakit pag sinipa ✓ STAPES • smallest bone ✓ MANDIBLE • strongest facial bone
73
Smallest muscle? Smallest skeletal muscle?
✓ ARRECTOR pili muscle • smallest muscle • smooth muscle ✓ STAPEDIUS • smallest skeletal muscle
74
Bone commonly fractured during CPR Most commonly dislocated joint in children Most commonly disclocated joint in adults
✓ Xiphoid process • commonly fractured during cpr ✓ ELBOW JOINT • CHILDREN ✓ SHOULDER JOINT • ADULTS
75
Largest carpal bone Head shape carpal bone Boat shaped carpal bine Most commonly fractured carpal bone Largest tarsal bone Boat shaped tarsal bone Heel bone Ankle bone
✓ CAPITATE • LARGEST carpal bone • HEAD - shape carpal bone ✓ SCAPHOID • BOAT - shaped carpal bone • most commonly FRACTURED carpal bone ✓ CALCANEUS / "HEEL BONE" • LARGEST tarsal bone ✓ NAVICULAR • BOAT - shaped tarsal bone ✓ CALCANEUS - heel bone ✓ TALUS - ankle bone
76
Superoposterior portion of nasal cavity contains? What separates nasal cavity to left and right side
✓ OLFACTORY Receptors (CN I) sense of smell • SUPEROPOSTERIOR portion of nasal cavity ✓ NASAL SEPTUM • sep left and right side of NC
77
Nasal septum is made up of 3 structures
✓ Nasal septum • separated right and left side of NC Nasal septum is made up of : ✓ Vomer ✓ Perpendicular Plate Of Ethmoid ✓ Septal cartilage • made up of HYALINE cartilage
78
Nasal septum is made up of 3 structures
✓ Nasal septum • separated right and left side of NC Nasal septum is made up of : ✓ Vomer ✓ Perpendicular Plate Of Ethmoid ✓ Septal cartilage • made up of HYALINE cartilage
79
Nasal septum is deficient in px with
✓ Down syndrome | ✓ Achondroplasia / Achindroplastic dwarfism
80
What is the curled shelf of bone found in nasal cavity
✓ CONCHAS / TUBIRNATES • curled shelf of bone found in nasal cavity • has MUCOUS that TRAPS air pollutants ✓ Superior, Middle, and Inferior Concha
81
Nasal passageway loc. Inferior to cinchas,m
✓ MEATUS • PASSAGEWAY INFERIOR to conchas ✓ Sup Mid Inf meatus
82
Four paired air-filled spaces that surrounds the nasal cavity
✓ PARANASAL SINUSES | • 4 paired air-filled spaces that surrounds the nasal cavity
83
Paranasal sinuses is.line by what epith?
✓ RESPIRATORY epithelium | • paranasal sinuses
84
Frontal sinus drains @?
✓ FRONTAL SINUS • found in FRONTAL bone • drains in INFUNDIBULUM towards HIATUS semilunaris of MIDDLE MEATUS Infundibulum is funnel shaped
85
Largest paranasal sinus
✓ MAXILLARY sinus
86
Other term for maxillary sinus Where does it drains
✓ Maxillary sinus or ANTHRUM OF HIGHMORE • found in MAXILLARY bone • LARGEST paranasal sinus • drains @ INFUNDIBULUM towards hiatus semilunaris of MIDDLE meatus
87
Maxillary sinusitis / inflamm or max sinus can also be referred pain on?
✓ MAXILLARY MOLARS can also be referred pain on maxi sinus | Vice versa
88
What do you call the opening of max sinus? Membrane that lines max sinus
✓ OSTIUM • opening of max sinus ✓ SCHNEIDERIAN MEMBRANE • membrane that lines max sinus • tumitibok after extraction of max molar when the px breathes
89
What test is used to check for oroantral communication
✓ VALSALVA TEST • checking of oroantral communication • to confirm, pinched yung nose then exhale GENTLY ; (if positive, there is blood or bubbles in extraction site
90
What to do if there is small, moderate or large OAC?
✓ Small (<2 mm) • NO treatment ; bc after exo, BLOOD CLOT will created seal b/w oral and sinus ✓ Moderate ( 2 mm to 6 mm) • PACK GEL FOAM (to improve formation of blood clot) then • FIG. of 8 SUTURE ✓ Large ( > 6 mm) • REFER to oral surgeon for oro-antral closure
91
There is large opening (OAC) a. Refer to oral surgeon b. Oro-antral closure
A. Refer to oral surgeon bc general dentists pa lang uzzz for boards
92
2 flaps for oro antral closure
✓ Palatal rotational advancement flap | ✓ Buccal advancement flap
93
Which graft has a very good blood supply Palatal rotational advancement flap or Buccal flap Other term from buccal flap
✓ PRAF (Palatal rotational advancement flap) • it carries branches of GREATER palatine nerve • SO VERY good blood supply ✓ Buccal flap or BERGER'S FLAP • created flap on buccal mucosa then raise it then suture it over tissue
94
FOR BOARDS, refer to prev. cards DURING PRACTICE...
✓ Gel foam + Fig of 8 suture then prescribe drugs like : ✓ Antibiotics (Co-Amoxiclav) ✓ Decongestants + Analgesics (Neozep) ✓ Antihistamine • to prevent irritation ---> prevent mucous production Then recall for 7 days (should be close) Recall again after 7 days (14 days) there should be gums over it If open pa rin, refer!!!!
95
What is the DOC for Upper respiratory tract infection
✓ Co-Amoxiclav | • DOC for upper resp. tract infection
96
Procedure done to add bone b/w sinus and alveolar bone?
✓ SINUS LIFT procedure | • add bone b/w sinus and alv bone
97
Best 2D radiograph to assess maxillary sinus? Best rediograph to assess maxillary sinus?
✓ Water's view • Best 2D rad. to assess max sinus ✓ CBCT (3D) • pero best pa rin ang CBCT bc 3D siya
98
Which sinus is not seen on water's view?
WATER'S VIEW ✓ Frontal S ✓ Maxillary S ✓ Ethmoid S Except ❌ SPHENOID SINUS!!!!!
99
Technique used to open the max. sinus thru the canine fossa? Canine fossa is loc saan?
✓ CALDWELL - LUC technique • used to open max sinus thru CANINE FOSSA ✓ Canine fossa is located @ DISTAL to the ROOT of canine (palubog)
100
Pano iperform caldwell luc technique
CALDWELL LUC TECHNIQUE * Raise flap muna then butasin mo aroung 1cm * Then, IRRIGATE (NSS) floot the sinus * Tapos syempre magffloat yung root * Then use HIGH-VACUUM equipment * Repeat until makuha mo yung root * Then after nun irrigate with BETADINE and close
101
What ethwhere is the drainage of ANTERIOR, MIDDLE, POSTERIOR ethmoidal sinus
3 ethmoisal sinuses found at ethmoid bone ✓ ANTERIOR ES • drains @ INFUNDIBULUM towards hiatus of semilunaris of middle meatus ✓ MIDDLE ES • drains in ETHMOIDAL BULLA of MIDDLE MEATUS ✓ POSTERIOR ES • drains @ SUPERIOR MEATUS
102
What sinuses drains @ Infundibulum towards hiatus of semilunaris of middle meatus?
✓ FRONTAL Sinus ✓ MAXILLARY Sinus ✓ ANTERIOR ETHMOIDAL Sinus
103
Where does sphenoidal sinus drains? Pano mo makikita sphenoidal sinus?
Sphenoidal sinus found @ sphenoid bone ✓ Seen only in CBCT or LATERAL CEPHALOGRAM ✓ drains @ SPHENOETHMOIDAL RECESS
104
What drains at SUPERIOR meatus? What drians at MIDDLE meatus? What drains at INFERIOR meatus?
SUPERIOR meatus ✓ POSTERIOR ETHMOIDAL Sinus ``` MIDDLE meatus ✓ FRONTAL sinus - Inf ✓ MAXILLARY sinus - Inf ✓ ANTERIOR ETHMOIDAL Sinus - Inf ✓ MIDDLE ETHMOIDAL sinus - Ethmoidal bulla ``` INFERIOR meatus ✓ NASOLACRIMAL duct
105
What sinuses does not drain @ middle meatus? 2
✓ Sphenoidal sinus - sphenoethmoidal recess | ✓ Posterior Ethmoidal sinus - superior meatus
106
It is the only movable bone in the skull (not including auditory oossicles?
✓ MANDIBLE • it is the only movable bone in the skull (not including auditory ossicles • STRONGEST and LARGEST FACIAL BONE
107
What is the framework or forerunner of mandible?
✓ MECKEL'S cartilage | • framework or forerunner of mandible
108
Meckel's cartilage is from wjat pharyngeal arch?
✓ 1st Pharyngeal arch • gives rise to MECKEL'S cartilage • so gives rise to MANDIBLE bc of meckel's cartilage • MAXILLA is also from 1st pharyngeal arch
109
Does the meckel's cartilage become part of mandible? Does the meckel's cartilage form the mandible?
Does the meckel's cartilage become part of mandible? ✓ YES Does the meckel's cartilage form the mandible? ✓ NOOOO * Meckel's cartilage just serve as guide to the formation of mandible
109
Does the meckel's cartilage become part of mandible? Does the meckel's cartilage form the mandible?
Does the meckel's cartilage become part of mandible? ✓ YES Does the meckel's cartilage form the mandible? ✓ NOOOO * Meckel's cartilage just serve as guide to the formation of mandible
110
Meckel's cartilage become some part of _____ portion of mandible
Meckel's cartilage become some part of ANTERIOR portion of mandible
111
After meckel's cartilage is done sa mandible, san siya punta? Magtransform siya as?
✓ After MC is done with mandible, punta naman siya sa EARS ✓ And it will transform to AUDITORY OSSICLES
112
What are the 2 auditory ossicles na nag-aarise kay meckel's cartilage?
✓ INCUS ✓ MALLEUS ❌ Stapes
113
What PA gives rise to STAPES? What PA gives rust to malleus and incus?
✓ Stapes - Second 2nd pharyngeal arch ✓ 1st PA ; malleus and incus
114
Maxilla is from what PA
✓ 1st PA (MAXILLA and MANDIBLE)
115
TMJ is also known as? TMJ is the jxn of
✓ TMJ or GINGLYMOARTHRODIAL joint ✓ TMJ is the junction of • MANDIBULAR CONDYLE • Man. FOSSA
116
What are the TMJ LIGAMENTS
✓ ARTICULAR CAPSULAR LIGAMENT ✓ LATERAL TEMPOROMANDIBULAR LIGAMENT / LATERAL LIGAMENT ✓ SPHENOMANDIBULAR LIGAMENT ✓ STYLOMANDIBULAR LIGAMENT
117
It envelopes the TMJ
✓ Articular CAPSULAR Ligament | • ENVELOPES the TMJ
118
It prevent excessive posterior displacement of mandible
✓ LATERAL LIGAMENT / LATERAL TEMPOROMANDIBULAR LIGAMENT | • prevents EXCESSIVE POSTERIOR displacement of mandible
118
It prevent excessive posterior displacement of mandible
✓ LATERAL LIGAMENT / LATERAL TEMPOROMANDIBULAR LIGAMENT | • prevents EXCESSIVE POSTERIOR displacement of mandible
119
What is the stabilizer of mandible
✓ SPHENOMANDIBULAR ligament • sphenoid and mandible ✓ STYLOMANDIBULAR ligament • attached @ styloid process of temporal bone and mandible
120
It divides TMJ to SUPERIOR and INFERIOR compartment
✓ ARTICULAR DISC / MENISCUS | • divides TMJ to Superior and Inferior compartments
121
Articular disc or meniscus is made up of what cartilage?
✓ FIBROCARTILAGE ✓ ARTICULAR DISC / MENISCUS • divides TMJ to Superior and Inferior compartments • BICONCAVE disc made up of FIBROCARTILAGE
122
How many synovial cavity does TMJ has?
✓ 2 synovial cavity Superior compartment / Sup. Synovial Cavity Inferior compartment / Inf. Synovial cavity
123
What compartment is resp for ROTATIONAL movement?
✓ INFERIOR COMPARTMENT • HINGE / ROTATIONAL movement • during LIMITED MOUTH OPENING So during limited mouth opening, there is only hinge movement or rotational movement and ang responsible dun is yung INFERIOR compartment During LMO, CONDYLE is FIXED in place as well as the ARTICULAR DISC (Candid shot)
124
The rest movements is saaa
The rest movement, sa SUPERIOR Compartment
125
SLIDING MOVEMENTS like
``` SUPERIOR COMPARTMENT ✓ SLIDING MOVEMENTS like • Protrusion • Retrusion • Benneth movement / Lateral excursion ``` ✓ EXCESSIVE MOUTH OPENING
126
In excessive mouth opening the condyle is... In limited mouth ooening the condyle is...
In excessive mouth opening, the condyle is ✓ CONDYLE is DOWNWARD and FORWARD In LMO, the condyle is ✓ CONDYLE and ARTICULAR DISC/MENISCUS is FIXED
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Wjat is the maximum mouth opening
MMO | ✓ 40-60 mm
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2 imp. landmarks of articular disc or meniscus What is thinnest What is vascularized
2 imp. landmarks of articular disc or meniscus ✓ POSTERIOR portion • VASCULARIZED and INNERVATED • RETRODISCAL TISSUE ✓ MIDDLE portion • THINNEST
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B/w condyle and coronoid process Attachment for TEMPORALIS muscle
✓ MANDIBULAR NOTCH • b/w condyle and coronoid process ✓ CORONOID PROCESS • attachment for TEMPORALIS muscles
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Mental foramen is located where?
✓ Mental foramen - APICAL to 2nd PM (be) Others : b/w 1st and 2nd PM Mental foramen is where MENTAL NERVE exits
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Entry for IAN
✓ MANDIBULAR FORAMEN | • entry for IAN
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Attachment for sphenomandibular ligament
✓ LINGULA | • attachment for SPHENOMANDIBULAR ligament
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In a right subcondylar neck fracture, where is the deviation during opening?
✓ RIGHT SIDE | *When there is fracture, when the px opens the mouth, the mouth will side on the SITE of FRACTURE
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During tongue protrusion, tongue deviates to right. What nerve is damaged?
✓ RIGHT CN XII
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Origin Insertion Action Alin yung movable fixed. Then ano yung action ____ to _____
INSERTION - MOVABLE @ DISTAL ORIGIN - FIXED @ PROXIMAL or MEDIAL ACTION - Insertion to Origin
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LATERAL PTERYGOID MUSCLES OIA
Lateral pterygoid muscle ✓ ORIGIN - SPHENOID (fixed) ✓ INSERTION - CONDYLE (movable) ✓ ACTION - I to O •If right lateral pterygoid muscle contracts and the left is not contractinf then the mandible will move to the left
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Right Lateral Pterygoid Muscle moves Left Lateral Pterygoid Muscle moves
✓ Right LPM moves LEFT and DOWNWARD ✓ Left LPM moves RIGHT and DOWNWAR So kung asan fracture dun rin magmove yung mandible
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Toward middle Toward head Away from head
✓ MEDIAL - toward middle ✓ Proximal - toward head ✓ Distal - away from head
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Biceps (Origin) a. Ulna b. Radius c. Sternum d. Scapula Insertion is? Action
D. Scapula bc origin usually nasa middle or proximal Insertion is Radius Action is I to A so FLEXION *If the muscle contracts, it SHORTENS!
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Pectoralis major Action
Action ✓ Adduction • toward medial / medialwars ✓ Abduction • lateral ward ; away ; abduct paalis
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Toe of px moves toward MEDIAL side Abduction Adduction
✓ ADDUCTION | • towards medial side
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During tongue protrusion, tongue deviates to the right. What nerve is damage?
✓ Right CN XII (Hypoglossal nerve) Tongue is innervated by CN XII (Hypoglossal nerve) * Genioglossus muscles • pulls the tongue ANTERIORLY and INFERIORLY • and pulls the tongue to OPPOSITE SIDE Same as fracture with subcondylar neck, kung san fracture magdeviate papunta dun yung tongue.
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Right GM moves to Left GM moves to Both GM moves
Right GM ✓ moves to left Left GM ✓ moves to right Both GM ✓ moves anteriorly
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Articular disc is seen in?
✓ TMJ ✓ STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT • b/w sternum and clavicle ✓ KNEE JOINT
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Unhappy triad What is the most commonly torn ligament in the body?
✓ ACL (Ant. CRUCIATE ligament) • MOST COMMONLY TORN LIGAMENT in the body ✓ MCL (Mid. COLLATERAL ligament) ✓ LM (Lat. MENISCUS)
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Most complex joint
MOST COMPLEX joint ✓ Knee joint ✓ TMJ
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L - shaped paired bone
✓ PALATINE bones | • L shaped paired bones
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2 parts of palatine bones
✓ HORIZONTAL plate ✓ PERPENDICULAR plate
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What forms the part of palate What form the floor of orbit Perpendicular plate or Horizontal plate
✓ HORIZONTAL plate • forms the part of PALATE ✓ PERPENDICULAR plate • forms the part of FLOOR of ORBIT
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What forms the part of palate What form the floor of orbit Perpendicular plate or Horizontal plate
✓ HORIZONTAL plate • forms the part of PALATE ✓ PERPENDICULAR plate • forms the part of FLOOR of ORBIT
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The palatine bones form the flkor of orbit? T or F
✓ TRUE , to be specific the perpendicular plate of palatine bone
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Other term for cleft lip
✓ CHEILOSCHISIS | cheilo - lips ; schisis - split
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Most common congenital orofacial defect
✓ CLEFT LIP | • most common OROFACIAL defect
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Treatment for Cleft lip?
``` Tx for CLEFT LIP follows Rule of 10 ✓ 10 wks ✓ 10 lbs ✓ 10 g/dl hemoglobin ✓ >10,000 WBC ``` RULE OF 10 IS ONLY USED IN CLEFT LIP
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Cleft palate occurs b/w ____ to ____ wks of development Treated b/w ___ to ___ months
Cleft palate occurs b/w ✓ 8 to 10 WKS of development Cleft palate is treated b/w 12-18 MONTHS of age because PALATINE is very important for SPEECH
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Treatment for cleft lip and palate
✓ If cleft lip and palate • ✓✓✓ Lip (Rule of 10) • x Palate (delay muna yung palate kasi if ittreat agad ; diff. to articulate when the px gets older)
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Rule of 10 is applicable lang sa? Cleft Lip common sa? M or F Cleft Palate common sa? M or F Cleft lip and palate common sa? M or F Cleft common sa what side of face?
✓ Rule of 10 @ CLEFT LIP only ✓ Cleft Lip - Lalake ; Lawet ✓ Cleft Palate - Pemale ; Pepe ✓ Cleft Lip and Palate - FEMALE pa rin ✓ Cleft common sa cLEFT
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Cleft of hard palate is know as Cleft of soft palate is known as Hard and soft palate
✓ uRanoschisis - cleft of haRd palate ✓ Staphyloschisis - cleft of Soft palate ✓ Uranostaphyloschisis - cleft of hard and soft palate
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Split mind
✓ Schizoprenia • SPLIT mind • psychological disorder • excessive DOPAMINE levels on brain Inc. Dopamine = Happy hormone so it elevates the mood Always happy yung px so nammixed-up yung reality from their imagination
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Vertebrae developed from?
✓ Vertebrae developed from SOMITES | ✓ Somites is a MESODERMAL embryonic origin
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How many cervical vertebra?
✓ 7 Cervical Vertebra
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C1 C2 Alin diyan axis or atlas
C1 (Atlas) C2 (Axis)
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Joint responsible for saying yes Joint responsible for saying no
✓ AtlantOOcipital • for saying yes ; tumutungo • C1 and Occipital ✓ Atlantoaxial • for saying no ; umiiling • C1 and C2
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Most prominent spinous process
✓ C7 | • most prominent spinous process
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What cervical vertebra does not have transverse foramen?
✓ C7 :((( C1 - C6 has transverse foramen
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Transverse formane is passage for?
✓ VERTEBRAL artery • from SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY C1-C6 may transverse foramen kung san dumadaan yung vertebral artery
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Subclavian artery
Subclavian artery @ CLAVICLE | • Imp. branch is the VERTEBRAL artery then nadaan siya sa transverse foramen sa C1 to C6
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What is the most unique cervical vertebra
✓ C7 is most unique bc walang transverse foramen and mmost prominent spinous process ✓ C7 characteristic somewsht resemble cervical and thoracic
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Vertebral artery is from what artery
✓ Vertebral artery is from SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
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After vertebral artery exits C1, they will fuse forming a single large artery called?
After vertebral artery exits C1, they will fuse forming a single large artery called ✓✓✓ BASILAR ARTERY
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Basilar artery is seen at
✓ Basilar artery @ BRAINSTEM So subclavian maging vertebral artery then magfuse yung vertebral artery para maging basilar artery
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Major blood supply of the brain
✓ CIRCLE of WILLIS | • major blood supply of brain
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Circle of willis is made up of what arteries?
``` ✓ Ant. communicating artery ✓ Post. communicating artery ✓ Ant. Cerebral artery ✓ Post. Cerebral artery ✓ INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY ```
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Circle of willis is most common site of what type of aneurysm? Aneurysm is? Possible complication of aneurysm?
✓ CIRCLE OF WILLIS is the most common site of BERRY ANEURYSM ✓ Aneurysm is BALLOONING OR INFLATING of blood vessels ✓ Possible complication is RUPTURE!!!! In berry aneurysm, berry-like structure yung pagballoon niya In berry anerysm, ° it may result to compression of neurons w/c leads to ° malfunction of certain parts of the body
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Why aneurysm happens?
✓ The junction is WEAK e mataas yung pressure kaya nagiinflate
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Weak spots of ciculatory system
✓ JUNCTION of VESSELS | • weak spots of circulatory system
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Risk factor for aneurysm?
✓ HIGH BP ✓ Smoking (changes in structure if tissue) ✓ some drugs But anyone can have aneurysm *Di ka mamamatay sa aneurysm, mamamatay ka pag nagrupture
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How to detect aneurysm? MOT for aneurysm? 2
✓ MRI - aneurysm Aneurysm have no s/s but usually headache!!!! Tx for aneurysm ✓ Surgical clipping ✓ Endovascular coiling
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More invasivr but better prognosis More conservative bit poorer prognosis Endovascular coiling or surgical clipping
✓ SURGICAL CLIPPING • MORE invasive but better prognosis • open the skull ; grey's anatomy ✓ ENDOVASCULAR COILING • more CONSERVATIVE but poorer prognosis • BLOOD clot titigas so wala ng weak spot but sometimes nagrerelapse bc nalulusaw minsan yung clot
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Branches of aorta
AORTA ✓ BRACHIOCEPHALIC artery ✓ SUBCLAVIAN artery ✓ COMMON CAROTID artery
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Stimulant or drugs thay increase BP
Increases BP ✓ ECSTASY ✓ METHAMPETHAMINE (Meth / Shabu)
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Alcohol is primarily a
✓ALCOHOL is primarily a DEPRESSANT | • inaantok, nahihilo, nagsshutdown diff areas of nervous system
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How many cervical vertebra | How many thoracic vertebra
Cervical - 7 | Thoracic - 12
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Heart shaped vertebra
✓ THORACIC | • Heart-shaped vertebrae
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Serve as attachment site for ribs
✓ THORACIC • Heart-shaped vertebrae • serve as attachment site for RIBS
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Kidney-shaped vertebra
✓ LUMBAR | • KIDNEY SHAPED vertebra
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Largest and strongest UNFUSED vertebra Largest and strongest vertebra
✓ LUMBAR • KIDNEY SHAPED vertebra • Largest and strongest UNFUSED vertebra ✓ SACRUM • Largest and strongest vertebra
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It carries most of the weight of the upper part of the body
✓ LUMBAR | • carries most of the weight of the upper part of the body
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Tail bone How many sacrum for adults and chldren How many coccys for adultd and children
✓ COCCYX • TAIL BONE ✓ Sacrum • 1 adult • 5 pre-adult (S1-S5) ✓ Coccyx • 1 adult • 4 pre-adult
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How many vertebra for adult and children How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
✓ 26 ADULTS ✓ 33 CHILDREN ``` ✓ 7 cervical ✓ 12 thoracic ✓ 5 lumbar ✓ 1 sacrum A ; 5 sacrum c ✓ 1 coccyx a ; 4 coccyx c ```
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What is the shape of thoracic vertebra?
✓ HEART-shaped
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Primary curvature is present in? Secondary curvature is present in?
INFANT ✓ PRIMARY curvature ❌ 2ndary curvature ADULT ✓ PRIMARY curvature ✓ SECONDARY curvature
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Comcave posteriorl and concaveposteriorly a | dimary Curvatur
N

2021 (3 decks)

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