Cellular Reproduction (chapter 16)

Question 1

what are the three main cells discussed in bio 30?

Answer 1

germ, somatic and stem

Question 2

what is a germ cell?

Answer 2

line of cells that cause gamates (eggs in females, sperm in men)

Question 3

what are somatic cells? and they have a _______ amount of chromosomes

Answer 3

body cells which have a diploid amount of chromasomes

Question 4

define diploid

Answer 4

two complete sets of chromosome pairs in a cell (one from mother, one from father)

Question 5

how many chromosome pairs do body cells have?

Answer 5

23 pairs, 46 single chromosomes

Question 6

what are stem cells?

Answer 6

cells that are able to differentiate as well as become other types of cells

Question 7

where does sexual reproduction occur?

Answer 7

germ cells

Question 8

what does sexual reproduction introduce?

Answer 8

genetic variation

Question 9

genetic material is found in different forms depending on the stage of the cycle. what are these stages?

Answer 9

chromatin, chromosomes, or chromatids

Question 10

what is chromatin?

Answer 10

a mixture of dna and proteins that make up chromosomes

Question 11

what is a chromosome?

Answer 11

structures made of a protein and a singular dna molecule to carry genetic info.

Question 12

what is a chromatid?

Answer 12

a half of a chromosome, the sister chromatid’s are formed together at a place called the centromere

Question 13

all somatic cells contain ______ pairs

Answer 13

homologous (23 maternal, 23 paternal)

Question 14

what do the first 44 chromosomes do and what are the called?

Answer 14

autosomes, carry genetic coding

Question 15

how many sex chromosomes are there and how do they work?

Answer 15

2 sex chromosomes, determining the sex (male XY, female XX)

Question 16

what are the two processes that take place in the cell cycle?

Answer 16

divison and replication

Question 17

what do cells do during mitosis?

Answer 17

cells divide

Question 18

where does mitosis occur?

Answer 18

somatic cells

Question 19

all of the cells produced by mitosis are __________ in genetic makeup to the original cells

Answer 19

identical

Question 20

what is differentiation in mitosis?

Answer 20

when cells become specialized

Question 21

how many phases does mitosis have?

Answer 21

4

Question 22

what are the 4 phases of mitosis?

Answer 22

1. prophase
2. metaphase
3. anaphase
4. telophase

Question 23

explain what occurs during prophase of mitosis?

Answer 23

chromosomes condense, create mitotic spindle

Question 24

explain what occurs during metaphase of mitosis?

Answer 24

chromosomes move to M middle of the cell, spindle fibers attach to the centromeres

Question 25

explain what occurs during anaphase of mitosis?

Answer 25

chromatids are pulled Away to opposite sides of the cell by spindles

Question 26

explain what occurs during telophase of mitosis?

Answer 26

chromatids at opposite ends of the cell, spread out to form chromatin, then divided by cytokinesis

Question 27

what is the main purpose of mitosis?

Answer 27

growth and replace worn out cells

Question 28

what is cytokinesis?

Answer 28

cytoplasm division

Question 29

what are the 4 phases of the cell cycle?

Answer 29

growth 1, synthesis, growth 2, mitosis

Question 30

what is meiosis?

Answer 30

a type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes

Question 31

haploid (meiosis)

Answer 31

the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism's cells (23)

Question 32

difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Answer 32

mitosis: produces two genetically identical daughter cells, one from each parent cell meiosis: produces cells that are genetically unique from the parent and are made up of half as much pf the dna contents

Question 33

where does meiosis take place?

Answer 33

soley in the reproductive tissues of sexually reproducing organisms, takes place in germ cells

Question 34

meiosis involves _____ cell divisions leading to ______ haploid cells formed

Answer 34

two, four

Question 35

mitosis involves ________ cell division, leading to ________ diploid cells

Answer 35

one, two

Question 36

what are the two different kinds of meiosis?

Answer 36

meiosis 1 and meiosis 2

Question 37

what is meiosis 1?

Answer 37

meiosis 1 is the first division and means the number of cells is doubled but the number of chromosomes is not. this results in half as many chromosomes per cell (23)

Question 38

what is meiosis 2?

Answer 38

this division is similar to mitosis, the number of chromosomes remains the same

Question 39

homologous chromosomes

Answer 39

pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism that have similar genes, although not necessarily identical

Question 40

what is disjunction?

Answer 40

disjunction refers to the seperation of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids during cell division

Question 41

when does disjunction take place in meiosis?

Answer 41

anaphase 1 or anaphase 2

Question 42

what is budding?

Answer 42

an asexual reproductive strat, nucleus of an organism cell divides equally, but cytoplasm divides unequally

Question 43

what is sporulation?

Answer 43

an asexual reproduction strat, the production of spores

Question 44

what is regeneration?

Answer 44

an asexual reproduction strat, the development of an entire new body part (ex: lizard tail)

Question 45

what is vegetative propagation?

Answer 45

an asexual reproduction strat, regeneration in plants

Question 46

why sexual reproduction?

Answer 46

genetic variation!!

Question 47

meiosis - special form of cell division occuring only in the ________ of a sexually reproducing organisms where ________ gametes are formed, having ______ the dna contents of the original sex-forming cell

Answer 47

reproductive tissue, haploid, half

Question 48

how many cell divisions are in mitosis and meiosis?

Answer 48

one in mitosis, two in meiosis

Question 49

what is the purpose of meiosis 1?

Answer 49

reduction division (separates homologous chromosomes)

Question 50

what is the purpose of meiosis 2?

Answer 50

separates sister chromatids

Question 51

prophase of meiosis 1?

Answer 51

chromosomes condense, and pair up with homologous pair

Question 52

metaphase of meiosis 1?

Answer 52

the homologous pairs of chromosomes line up in the M middle of the cell

Question 53

anaphase 1 of meiosis?

Answer 53

the homologues pairs are pulled Away and move apart to opposite ends of the cell

Question 54

telophase 1 of meiosis?

Answer 54

chromosomes gather at the poles of cell, nucleus forms, cell divides via cytokinesis forming 2 daughter cells

Question 55

prophase of meiosis 2?

Answer 55

each of the daughter cells condenses again

Question 56

metaphase of meiosis 2?

Answer 56

the chromosomes align in the M middle of the cell

Question 57

anaphase of meiosis 2?

Answer 57

the sister chromatids separate and are pulled A away to opposite poles of the cell

Question 58

telophase of meiosis 2?

Answer 58

chromosomes gather at the 2 poles of the cell and the cell divides via cytokinesis forming 2 daughter cells (1n 1c) from each of the two cells from meiosis I

Question 59

what is spermatogenesis?

Answer 59

the production of mature sperm and occurs from puberty through life in males

Question 60

what is oogenesis?

Answer 60

development of ova

Question 61

where does nondisjunction occur?

Answer 61

during anaphase of meiosis 1 or 2

Question 62

what is karyotyping?

Answer 62

A type of genetic test that analyzes the size, shape, and number of chromosomes in a sample of cells taken from blood, amniotic fluid, bone marrow, or other tissue

Question 63

mitosis creates _____ cells

Answer 63

body

Question 64

meiosis creates what?

Answer 64

sperm and egg (gametes)

Question 65

interphase comes before mitosis and meiosis, what does it do?

Answer 65

duplicated chromosomes (46 chromosomes, 92 chromatids)