Mendelian Genetics (chapter 17)

Question 1

monohybrid cross?

Answer 1

a mating of two true breeding individuals tracking a SINGLE character/trait

Question 2

what are true breeding parents referred to as?

Answer 2

P generation (for parental)

Question 3

the hybrid offspring of true breeding parents is referred to as?

Answer 3

F1 (first filial)

Question 4

mating the F1 generation produced the _____ generation

Answer 4

F2 (second filial)

Question 5

what happens to the F1 generation during a monohybrid cross?

Answer 5

all offspring will resemble the dominant trait

Question 6

what happens to the F2 generation during a monohybrid cross?

Answer 6

the recessive trait will reappear

Question 7

what is the ratio for the F2 generation in a monohybrid cross?

Answer 7

3:1

Question 8

what is the difference between mono and dihybrid crosses?

Answer 8

in a monohybrid cross, mendel followed and studied one trait, while in a dihybrid cross, he followed two

Question 9

what is a dihybrid cross?

Answer 9

the mating of two heterozygous individuals for two traits

Question 10

what is the ratio for a dihybrid cross?

Answer 10

9:3:3:1

Question 11

how can you solve a dihybrid cross?

Answer 11

a punnett square

Question 12

incomplete dominance? (ex: red and white flower phenotypes produce pink)

Answer 12

the lack of a dominant gene, where an offspring is able to show an appearance in between the phenotype of the two parents

Question 13

phenotype?

Answer 13

the appearance of an organism (ex: white coloured flowers)

Question 14

what is a genotype?

Answer 14

the genetic makeup of an organism

Question 15

what are heterozygous vs. homozygous alleles?

Answer 15

heterozygous: Aa or aA
homozygous: AA or aa

Question 16

codominance (ex: red hair on a cattle (HrHr) is codominant to white (HwHw))

Answer 16

when both alleles are found in the phenotype of the offspring

Question 17

multiple alleles

Answer 17

multiple alleles is when the followed traits have more then two allelic forms (ex: blood types A, B and O)

Question 18

test cross?

Answer 18

an experiment to determine the genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype

Question 19

what two genotypes can an individual with a dominant phenotype have? (test cross)

Answer 19

homozygous dominant (AA) or heterozygous (Aa)

Question 20

what do you cross the individual with to perform a test cross?

Answer 20

homozygous recessive individual (aa)

Question 21

if the offspring all show the dominant trait, what is the genotype of the tested individual? (test cross)

Answer 21

homozygous dominant (AA)

Question 22

if some offspring show the recessive trait, what is the genotype of the tested individual? (test cross)

Answer 22

heterozygous (Aa)

Question 23

what is the expected ratio of dominant to recessive offspring if the tested individual is heterozygous (Aa)? (test cross)

Answer 23

1:1 half dominant half recessive

Question 24

genetics is the study of ___________ of _________ from parents to offspring

Answer 24

transmission of characteristics

Question 25

heredity is the passing of ______ from parents to offspring

Answer 25

traits

Question 26

what did aristotle believe?

Answer 26

that traits were passed through the bloodline

Question 27

what did gregor mendel preform experiments on?

Answer 27

garden peas

Question 28

allele

Answer 28

alternate forms of a gene controlling a given characteristic

Question 29

homozygous

Answer 29

having a pair of identical alleles (ex: TT or tt)

Question 30

heterozygous

Answer 30

having two different alleles for a character/trait (Tt or tT)

Question 31

cross

Answer 31

the mating of two organisms

Question 32

are true breeding parents (P generation) always homozygous or heterozygous to start?

Answer 32

homozygous (AA or aa)

Question 33

if you had a punnet square and the results gave RR, Rr, Rr, rr, what would the genotypes be? and what would the phenotype summary be?

Answer 33

25% homologous dominant, 50% heterozygous, 25% homologous recessive. the phenotypes would be 50/50

Question 34

incomplete dominance

Answer 34

the lack of a dominant gene

Question 35

what will the offspring show when an incomplete dominance occurs?

Answer 35

an appearance in between the phenotypes of parents (ex: red colour flowers, white colour flowers, show pink)

Question 36

in incomplete dominance, both ____ interact to produce a new phenotype known as ______

Answer 36

genes, intermediate dominance

Question 37

genes are the genetic make up, meaning they represent _______ letters, whereas alleles will represent just _____ letter (ex: AA vs A)

Answer 37

both, one

Question 38

codominance

Answer 38

both alleles being found in the phenotype of the offspring

Question 39

how do we represent blood typing?

Answer 39

I small a I small a for A, I small b I small b for B, I small a I small b for AB and lastly two small i’s for O

Question 40

sex linked inheritance

Answer 40

trait passed down through genes on the sex chromosomes.

Question 41

since men only have 1 X chromosome, are they more or less likely to show that trait passed down on the X chromosome?

Answer 41

more likely.

Question 42

are females or males carriers of x linked traits?

Answer 42

females only

Question 43

purpose of a pedigree analysis

Answer 43

used to look back into your ancestors to determine whether or not you might be a carrier for a genetic disease

Question 44

what are autosomal?

Answer 44

the first 44 chromosomes, genetic makeup

Question 45

how many sex linked chromies?

Answer 45

the last 2, XX female, XY male

Question 46

genetic recombination

Answer 46

when DNA is shuffled between chromosomes to make new combinations of alleles

Question 47

when does crossing over occur?

Answer 47

prophase of meiosis 1

Question 48

the ______ the recombination %, the _________ the genes are on the chromosome

Answer 48

higher, farther apart

Question 49

a linkage map is a genetic map based on ____________________

Answer 49

recombination frequencies

Question 50

recombinant dna

Answer 50

combining genetic material from two different sources

Question 51

law of segregation

Answer 51

during the formation of gametes, two copies of each gene separate so that each gamete carries only one copy, offspring inherit one gene from each parent

Question 52

define genetics

Answer 52

the study of the transmission of characteristics from a being to their offspring

Question 53

define a gene

Answer 53

the basic unit of heredity