cellular respiration

Question 1

Forms of energy

Answer 1

kinetic and potential

Question 2

Metabolic pathways

Answer 2

a series of enzymatic reactions that converts one biological material to another.

Question 3

Anabolism

Answer 3

Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy.

Question 4

Catabolism

Answer 4

Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.

Question 5

free energy

Answer 5

energy that is available to do work

Question 6

energy coupling reaction

Answer 6

the use of energy released from exergonic reactions to drive essential endergonic reaction.

Question 7

enzyme

Answer 7

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing

Question 8

Cofactors

Answer 8

Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. Cofactors can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis

Question 9

coenzyme

Answer 9

small carbon containing molecules which are not permanently bound to the enzyme, and must collide with the enzyme and bind to it’s active site before the catalytic reaction occurs.

Question 10

prosthetic group

Answer 10

A cofactor or coenzyme that is covalently bonded to a protein to permit its function

Question 11

ATP

Answer 11

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

Question 12

Structure of ATP

Answer 12

adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate groups

Question 13

What releases energy in ATP

Answer 13

hydrolysis

Question 14

substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 14

The enzyme-catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.

Question 15

Chemiosmosis

Answer 15

A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme.

Question 16

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 16

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration.

Question 17

Photophosphorylation

Answer 17

The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of a proton-motive force generated by the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during the light reactions of photosynthesis.

Question 18

Oxidation

Answer 18

loss of electrons

Question 19

reduction

Answer 19

gain of electrons

Question 20

Aerobe

Answer 20

Organism that can grow in the presence of atmospheric oxygen.

Question 21

Anaerobe

Answer 21

any organism that is able to live without oxygen

Question 22

cellular respiration

Answer 22

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

Question 23

Mitochondria structure

Answer 23

outer membrane, inner membrane, intermembrane space, matrix, cristae

Question 24

Four stages of aerobic respiration

Answer 24

glycolysis, formation of acetyl coenzyme A, citric acid cycle/ Krebs cycle, electron transport and chemiosmosis

Question 25

Glycolysis

Answer 25

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

Question 26

two phases of glycolysis

Answer 26

energy investment phase and energy payoff phase

Question 27

Glycolysis produces

Answer 27

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate

Question 28

Formation of Acetyl CoA

Answer 28

coenzyme-A attaches to NADH

Question 29

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

Answer 29

second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions

Question 30

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 30

cytoplasm

Question 31

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

Answer 31

mitochondrial matrix

Question 32

The Krebs cycle produces

Answer 32

2ATP, 6NADH, and 2FADH

Question 33

What molecules carry the most energy

Answer 33

NADH and FADH2

Question 34

electron transport chain

Answer 34

A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.

Question 35

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

Answer 35

inner membrane of mitochondria

Question 36

ATP synthase

Answer 36

Large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP

Question 37

Aerobic Respiration yields

Answer 37

36-38 ATP

Question 38

pyruvate formation yields

Answer 38

2 NADH

Question 39

Krebs cycle yields

Answer 39

6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

Question 40

Fermentation

Answer 40

A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.

Question 41

functions of fermentation

Answer 41

• It is an inefficient way to use fuel
• It allows organisms to survive without oxygen
• It removes toxic excess NADH in the cytosol
• It replenishes the supply of NAD+

Question 42

Autotroph

Answer 42

An organism that makes its own food

Question 43

Heterotroph

Answer 43

An organism that cannot make its own food.

Question 44

Phototrophs

Answer 44

obtain energy from light

Question 45

Chemotrophs

Answer 45

Organisms that get energy from chemicals taken from the environment

Question 46

Photoautotrophs

Answer 46

Organisms that use light as a source of energy to synthesize organic substances.