gene structure and expression

Question 1

gene expression

Answer 1

the flow of genetic information from the genotype ot the phenotype

Question 2

order of replication

Answer 2

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

Question 3

Transcription

Answer 3

(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA

Question 4

Translation

Answer 4

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

Question 5

Most of the genes are ______ into mRNA, and then the mRNA is _____ into polypeptide

Answer 5

transcribed, translated

Question 6

Where do both transcription and translation occur in prokaryotes?

Answer 6

cytoplasm

Question 7

Where does translation occur in eukaryotes

Answer 7

cytoplasm

Question 8

Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes

Answer 8

nucleus

Question 9

Transcription promoter

Answer 9

A DNA sequence that RNA polymerase binds

Question 10

regulatory sequences

Answer 10

sections of DNA that are involved in controlling if the gene is turned on or off

Question 11

transcribed region

Answer 11

contains the information that specifies an amino acid sequence

Question 12

Terminator

Answer 12

A special sequence that causes the RNA strand to be released from the transcription complex.

Question 13

transciption factors

Answer 13

Regulate transcription by binding to those promoters of to RNA polymerases

Question 14

TATA box

Answer 14

A promoter DNA sequence crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex. Eukaryotes.

Question 15

Pribnow box

Answer 15

Also known as the -10 sequence, consists of a sequence TATAAT that is used as a promoter for DNA transcription. Prokaryotes.

Question 16

How many strands used as a template in transcription

Answer 16

1. Runs in 3’-5’

Question 17

3 phases of transcription

Answer 17

initiation, elongation, termination

Question 18

Where does prokaryotic transcription occur?

Answer 18

cytoplasm

Question 19

Where does eukaryotic transcription occur?

Answer 19

nucleus

Question 20

how does transcription initiate in prokaryotes

Answer 20

A single sigma factor

Question 21

how does transcription initiate in eukaryotes

Answer 21

5 general transcriptional factors

Question 22

Process of Transcription

Answer 22

RNA polymerase uses ATP to read the DNA strand and form an mRNA strand in the nucleus

Question 23

Exons

Answer 23

Coding segments of eukaryotic DNA.

Question 24

Introns

Answer 24

Noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding sequences.

Question 25

RNA splicing

Answer 25

Process by which the introns are removed from RNA transcripts and the remaining exons are joined together.

Question 26

Alternate splicing of mRNA

Answer 26

primary mRNA transcript can be processed to include or exclude different exon such that the various mature mRNAs can be translated into proteins with different functions

Question 27

Capping

Answer 27

The process of linking a 7-methylguanosine residue to the 5' end of eukaryotic RNAs. The 5' cap protects the mRNA from degradation and is required for translation in the cytoplasm.

Question 28

Tailing

Answer 28

a poly A tail is added to the most mature eukaryotic mRNAs at the 3' end

Question 29

What does a a fully processed mRNA include?

Answer 29

5'cap, 5' UTR, coding region between start and stop codon, 3'UTR, and a poly (A) tail.

Question 30

start codon

Answer 30

AUG

Question 31

stop codon

Answer 31

UAA, UAG, UGA

Question 32

codon usage bias

Answer 32

A bias in which certain codons occur more frequently than others that specify the same amino acid

Question 33

coding strand

Answer 33

the strand of DNA that is not used for transcription and is identical in sequence to mRNA, except it contains uracil instead of thymine

Question 34

gene mutation

Answer 34

A change in the sequence of the nucleotides in a gene

Question 35

base-pair substitution

Answer 35

A type of point mutation; the replacement of one nucleotide and its partner in the complementary DNA strand by another pair of nucleotides.

Question 36

missense mutation

Answer 36

A base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.

Question 37

silent mutation

Answer 37

A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created.

Question 38

nonsense mutation

Answer 38

A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.

Question 39

frameshift mutation

Answer 39

mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

Question 40

What does translation require

Answer 40

AA, ATP/GTP, Enzymes and proteins, RNAs, Ribosomes.

Question 41

Anticodon

Answer 41

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

Question 42

Aminoacylation

Answer 42

the process by which a tRNA molecule is bound to its corresponding amino acid

Question 43

prokaryote ribosome size

Answer 43

30S + 50S = 70S

Question 44

Eukaryote ribosome size

Answer 44

40S + 60S = 80S

Question 45

How many binding sites do each ribosome have

Answer 45

3. A= Aminoacyl tRNA binding site. P=Peptidyl-tRNA binding site. E=Exit site.