- A campfire breaks chemical bonds in wood, releasing stored energy as light and heat - Cellular respiration breaks chemical bonds in glucose, releasing stored energy and transferring some to 38 ATP; some energy is lost as heat.

Cellular Respiration Flashcards by jan caliso

How do living things release energy?

Most energy used thru conversion of ATP molecules into ADP molecules
Thus cells must continually convert ADP molecules
back into ATP molecules
This process is known as
CELLULAR RESPIRATION

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is breathing?

Physical process that allows animals and humans to come into contact with gases in the air.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Cellular respiration?

Chemical process thatr eleases energy from organic compounds (food), gradually converting it into energy that is stored in ATP molecules.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a Campfire?

A campfire breaks chemical bonds in wood,
releasing stored energy as light and heat
Cellular respiration breaks chemical bonds in
glucose, releasing stored energy and transferring
some to 38 ATP; some energy is lost
as heat.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

is the raw material that provides the
energy for your body to function

Food

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This use food to synthesize new molecules
to carry out their life processes

Cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cells do not________ glucose, they slowly release
energy from it and other food compounds
through several pathways (processes).

Burn

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the 1st Pathway?

glycolysis: releases only a small
amount of energy (2 net ATP)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

If oxygen present, it will lead to two other pathways that
release a lot of energy. What are these?

Krebs cycle & Electron Transport
Chain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

If oxygen absent glycolysis is followed by a different
pathway:

Alcoholic Fermentation or Lactic Acid
Fermentation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In presence of_______ glycolysis is
followed by: Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

oxygen (aerobic)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

These are the three combined to make up Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis + Krebs Cycle + Electron Transport
Chain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen
Each of these 3 stages captures some of the chemical
energy available in food molecules and uses it to produce ATP
Equation for cellular respiration:

6O2 + C6H12O6→ 6CO2 + 6H2O+energy (ATP)

oxygen + glucose→ carbon dioxide + water + energy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The ______ is a series of membrane bound carriers in the mitochondria

electron transport chain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the process of
glycolysis????

Process takes place in the cytosol of the cytoplasm outside of mitochondria; coverts
glucose with the help of 2 ATP molecules and
eventually releases 4 ATP molecules; for a net
gain of 2 ATP molecules.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

INNER MEMBRANE OF MITOCHONDRIA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is cytosol?

The fluid(and suspended molecules of salts, sugar, amino acid, enxymes, etc..) around the organells.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where is the vast majority of ATP made?

ETC

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Cytoplasm?

The cytosol PLUS the organelles suspended within it(i.e everything exept the nucleous)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The hydrogen carriers (NADH and FADH2) are
_______ and release ________

oxidized; high energy electrons and
protons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

After the Krebs Cycle, the electrons are transferred to here.

ETC

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Consists of several
transmembrane carrier proteins

ETC

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

As electrons pass through the chain, they lose
______

energy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

It is the fermentation releases energy from food molecules in absence of oxygen.

Anaerobic Respiration:
Fermentation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cell = ???

Plasma membrane + Cytoplasm +Nucleus Cytoplasm = Cytosol + Organelles

used by the chain to pump protons (H+ ions) from the matrix

energy

The accumulation of H+ ions within the intermembrane space creates an ________

electrochemical gradient

Other name for electrochemical gradient

Proton motive force

Yeast and a few other microorganisms use __________ ______________, forming ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide as wastes

alcoholic fermentation

ETC: The ______ force will cause H+ ions to move down their ________ and diffuse back into ____

proton motive; electrochemical gradient; matrix

A _________ group is added to glucose in the cytoplasm , by the action of enzyme hexokinase. In this, a _________ group is transferred from ATP to glucose forming glucose,6-________.

Phosphate

ETC: This diffusion of protons is called _______

chemiosmosis

This process regenerates NAD+ so glycolysis can continue.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

ETC: Chemiosmosis is facilitated by the ____

transmembrane enzyme ATP synthase

It is made by Lactic Acid Fermentation and Cellular Respiration

New ATP

Glucose-6-phosphate is isomerised into fructose,6-phosphate by the enzyme _____________.

phosphoglucomutase

ETC: As the H+ ions move through ATP synthase they trigger the _____ of the enzyme, synthesizing ATP

molecular rotation

ETC: In order for the electron transport chain to continue functioning, the ________ must be removed

de-energized electrons

ETC: ______ acts as the final electron acceptor, removing the de-energized electrons

Oxygen

The other ATP molecule transfers a phosphate group to fructose 6-phosphate and converts it into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by the action of the enzyme ____________.

phosphofructokinase

ETC: Why must the de-energized electrons be removed?

to prevent the chain from becoming blocked

The ___________ converts fructose 1,6- bisphosphate into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate, which are isomers of each other.

enzyme aldolase

ETC: Oxygen also binds with free protons in the matrix to form water – removing matrix protons maintains the ______

hydrogen gradient

__________ isomerase converts dihydroxyacetone phosphate into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which is the substrate in the successive step of glycolysis.

Triose-phosphate

ETC: In the absence of ____, hydrogen carriers cannot transfer energized electrons to the chain and ATP production is halted

oxygen

2 types of energy

Quick Energy and Long-Term Energy

Hydrogen carriers donate ________ to the electron transport chain

high energy electrons

The enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase transfers __ hydrogen molecule from glyceraldehyde phosphate to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to form NADH + H+.

Where is the ETC located (other term)?

located on the cristae

____________3-phosphate dehydrogenase adds a phosphate to the oxidised glyceraldehyde phosphate to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.

Glyceraldehyde

As the electrons move through the chain they lose _______, which is transferred to the _______ within the chain

energy; electron carriers

_________ is transferred from 1,3- bisphosphoglycerate to ADP to form ATP with the help of phosphoglycerokinase. Thus two molecules of phosphoglycerate and ATP are obtained at the end of this reaction.

Phosphate

_______ and _______ uses ATP in our body which is already available in muscles.

Energy and Exersice

The electron carriers use energy to pump hydrogen ions from the _______ and into the __________

matrix; intermembrane space

H+ ions return to the matrix via the ______ (this diffusion of ions is called _______)

transmembrane enzyme ATP synthase; chemiosmosis

The phosphate of both the phosphoglycerate molecules is relocated from the_____ to the ______ carbon to yield two molecules of 2-phosphoglycerate by the enzyme phosphoglyceromutase.

Third to second

if a cell generates large amounts of ATP from glycolysis it can run into problems

a. the cell’s available NAD+ molecules become filled up with electrons. b. glycolysis shuts down, cannot proceed without available NAD+ molecules. c. ATP production stops.

As the ions pass through ATP synthase they trigger a _______ reaction which produces ATP (from ADP + Pi)

phosphorylation

Advantages of Aerobic Respiration

-Major advantage → more energy released -Lets organisms live in places where there is little or no oxygen -Quickly produces ATP

No oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere when life first evolved about_____b.y.a

3.5 to 4

Glycolysis evolved before the other stages of ___________ other stages need oxygen

cellular respiration

Glycolysis is a _____ process

fast

produce thousands of ATP molecules in a few milliseconds

Cells

Mitochondrion has two separate membranes:

inner and outer membrane.

Mitochondrion Structure Three compartments:

intermembrane space, cristae space, and matrix

Extracted by world’s most powerful electron receptor

oxygen

________________ require oxygen thus they are aerobic processes

Krebs and Electron Transport

-2nd stage of the krebs cycle-

hdchbsdchdhbhjd

The first step is the condensation of acetyl CoA with 4-carbon compound oxaloacetate to form 6C citrate, coenzyme A is released. The reaction is ___________ by citrate synthase.

catalysed

_________ is converted to its isomer, isocitrate. The ____________ catalyses this reaction.

Citrate and enzyme aconitase

_________undergoes dehydrogenation and decarboxylation to form 5C 𝝰-ketoglutarate. A molecular form of ______is released. Isocitrate dehydrogenase catalyses the reaction. It is an NAD+ dependent enzyme. NAD+ is converted to NADH.

Isocitrate and CO2

___________ undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to form succinyl CoA, a 4C compound. The reaction is catalyzed by the 𝝰-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase enzyme complex. One molecule of______ is released and NAD+ is converted to NADH.

𝝰-ketoglutarate and CO2

Succinyl CoA forms __________. The enzyme succinyl CoA synthetase catalyses the reaction. This is coupled with substrate-level phosphorylation of GDP to get GTP. GTP transfers its ________ to ADP forming ATP.

succinate and phosphate

Succinate is ________by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase to fumarate. In the process, FAD is converted to FADH2.

oxidised

__________ gets converted to malate by the addition of one H2O. The enzyme catalysing this reaction is _________

Fumarate and fumarase

______is dehydrogenated to form oxaloacetate, which combines with another molecule of ___________and starts the new cycle.

Malate and acetyl CoA

Krebs cycle occurs in the ______

mitochondrial matrix

These are the products that forms by citric acid cycle

-2 molecules of CO2 are released. -Removal of CO2 or decarboxylation of citric acid takes place at two places which is : - In the conversion of isocitrate (6C) to 𝝰- ketoglutarate (5C) * In the conversion of 𝝰-ketoglutarate (5C) to succinyl CoA (4C)

These are the products that forms by citric acid cycle

1 ATP is produced in the conversion of succinyl CoA to ___________

succinate

2 molecules of Acetyl CoA are produced from ____________ of 2 pyruvates so two cycles are required per glucose molecule.

oxidative decarboxylation

Carbon dioxide is _______________

exhaled (waste product)

__________ can be used for cellular activities

ATP

What does FAD means?

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

(84 cards)